{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:11:01Z","timestamp":1790813461122,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","funder":[{"name":"NIH\/NIDS"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"the Research Council of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It is unclear whether maternal air pollution exposure during pregnancy induces changes in the developing respiratory system of a child and whether it has consequences for respiratory health in early childhood. We investigated associations between exposure to moderate levels of air pollution during pregnancy and early childhood lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) and wheezing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study used a subgroup of 17 533 participants in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Air pollution levels at residential addresses were estimated using land use regression models, and back-extrapolated to the period of each pregnancy. Information on LRTI and wheezing and lifestyle factors was collected from questionnaires completed by mothers during pregnancy and when the child was 6 and 18 months of age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Moderate mean levels of NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      (13.6\u2009\u00b5g\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      , range 0.01\u201360.4) exposure at residential address during pregnancy were not statistically associated with LRTI and wheezing. No association was found per 10\u2009\u00b5g\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      change in NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      exposure and LRTI before the age of 6 months (adjusted risk ratio (RR) 0.99; 95%\u2009CI 0.84 to 1.17), or between 6 and 18 months of age (adjusted RR 1.05; 95%\u2009CI 0.94 to 1.16). Similarly, we found no association per 10\u2009\u00b5g\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      change in NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      exposure and wheezing between 6 and 18 months of age (adjusted RR 1.02; 95%\u2009CI 0.97 to 1.07).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There were no statistically significant associations for moderate levels of pregnancy NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      exposure and respiratory health outcomes during early childhood in overall analyses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-015796","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,26]],"date-time":"2017-12-26T23:40:21Z","timestamp":1514331621000},"page":"e015796","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Pregnancy exposure to air pollution and early childhood respiratory health in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa)"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Madsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health & Inequality, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siri Eldevik","family":"Haberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Domain for Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria C","family":"Magnus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geir","family":"Aamodt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Landscape Architecture and Spatial Planning, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, As, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hein","family":"Stigum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie J","family":"London","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenche","family":"Nystad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per","family":"Nafstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Noncommunicable Diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121222125410000_7.12.e015796.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2006.04357.x"},{"key":"2025121222125410000_7.12.e015796.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036050","article-title":"The epidemiology of acute respiratory infections in children and adults: a global perspective","volume":"12","author":"Graham","year":"1990","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"2025121222125410000_7.12.e015796.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/30.6.1473"},{"key":"2025121222125410000_7.12.e015796.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1526-0542(02)00311-1"},{"key":"2025121222125410000_7.12.e015796.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2007.11.007"},{"key":"2025121222125410000_7.12.e015796.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23262"},{"key":"2025121222125410000_7.12.e015796.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1306755","article-title":"Air pollution and respiratory infections during early childhood: an analysis of 10 European birth cohorts within the ESCAPE Project","volume":"122","author":"MacIntyre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2025121222125410000_7.12.e015796.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1"},{"key":"2025121222125410000_7.12.e015796.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2006.04357.x"},{"key":"2025121222125410000_7.12.e015796.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2015.04.027"},{"key":"2025121222125410000_7.12.e015796.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408549","article-title":"In utero fine particle air pollution and placental expression of genes in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling pathway: an ENVIRONAGE birth cohort study","volume":"123","author":"Saenen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2025121222125410000_7.12.e015796.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.108.069591"},{"key":"2025121222125410000_7.12.e015796.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2011.0932"},{"key":"2025121222125410000_7.12.e015796.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31816a1ce3"},{"key":"2025121222125410000_7.12.e015796.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000320376"},{"key":"2025121222125410000_7.12.e015796.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205281","article-title":"Early-life exposure to outdoor air pollution and respiratory health, ear infections, and eczema in infants from the INMA study","volume":"121","author":"Aguilera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2025121222125410000_7.12.e015796.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23029","article-title":"Exposure to traffic and early life respiratory infection: a cohort study","volume":"50","author":"Rice","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"2025121222125410000_7.12.e015796.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2011.08.007"},{"key":"2025121222125410000_7.12.e015796.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2009.00951.x"},{"key":"2025121222125410000_7.12.e015796.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2002-0100OC"},{"key":"2025121222125410000_7.12.e015796.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3454678"},{"key":"2025121222125410000_7.12.e015796.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw029"},{"key":"2025121222125410000_7.12.e015796.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-016-0138-8","article-title":"Association between pregnancy exposure to air pollution and birth weight in selected areas of Norway","volume":"74","author":"Panasevich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Public Health"},{"key":"2025121222125410000_7.12.e015796.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.02.037"},{"key":"2025121222125410000_7.12.e015796.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(13)70192-9"},{"key":"2025121222125410000_7.12.e015796.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181a819a1"},{"key":"2025121222125410000_7.12.e015796.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1306770"},{"key":"2025121222125410000_7.12.e015796.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2009.00951.x"},{"key":"2025121222125410000_7.12.e015796.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jes.7500501"},{"key":"2025121222125410000_7.12.e015796.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2010.02.005"},{"key":"2025121222125410000_7.12.e015796.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu232"},{"key":"2025121222125410000_7.12.e015796.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/S0022-3476(03)00511-0"},{"key":"2025121222125410000_7.12.e015796.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(00)00361-2"},{"key":"2025121222125410000_7.12.e015796.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.07.080"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-015796","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T06:13:12Z","timestamp":1765606392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-015796"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-015796"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-015796","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}}}