{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T18:51:54Z","timestamp":1787597514124,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>With the rise in methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) for drug users in Vietnam, there has been growing interest in understanding if and how often MMT patients engage in concurrent illicit drug use while on methadone therapy in various settings. This study examined factors associated with concurrent opioid use among patients on MMT in a mountainous area in Vietnam.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One urban and one rural MMT clinics in Tuyen Quang province.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Survey participants consisted of patients who were taking MMT at the selected study sites. A convenience sampling approach was used to recruit the participants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants were asked a series of questions about their socioeconomic status, current alcohol and tobacco use, health problems (measured by the EuroQol-Five Dimension-Five Level instrument), psychological distress (measured by Kessler score), and factors associated with current and\/or previous drug use. Regression models were used to determine factors associated with concurrent drug use among MMT patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among the 241 male MMT patients included in the study, 13.4% reported concurrent opioid use. On average, the longer patients had been enrolled in MMT, the less likely they were to concurrently use drugs. Conversely, patients with higher levels of psychological distress were more likely to engage in concurrent drug use while on MMT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Longer duration of MMT was significantly correlated with reduced illicit drug use among participants. Higher levels of psychological distress were associated with increased use of illicit drugs among MMT patients. Regardless of distance, long-term MMT is still effective and should be expanded in mountainous areas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-015875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,22]],"date-time":"2018-03-22T06:20:37Z","timestamp":1521699637000},"page":"e015875","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Concurrent drug use among methadone maintenance patients in mountainous areas in northern Vietnam"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Bach Xuan","family":"Tran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam"},{"name":"Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria L","family":"Boggiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berkeley School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huong Lan","family":"Thi Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long Hoang","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hung Van","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Authority of HIV\/AIDS Control, Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Canh Dinh","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Authority of HIV\/AIDS Control, Ministry of Health, Hanoi, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huong Thi","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tho Dinh","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Vietnam-Germany Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai Quan","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Provincial AIDS Center, Department of Health, Tuyen Quang, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl A","family":"Latkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thuc Minh","family":"Thi Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research and Training, Tam Anh Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melvyn WB","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Global Institute of Healthcare Research & Technology (BIGHEART), National University of Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger CM","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121407480480000_8.3.e015875.1","unstructured":"Mo H . 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