{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T20:50:54Z","timestamp":1779915054716,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","funder":[{"name":"The National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To analyse trends in mortality and causes of death among children aged under 5 years in Beijing, China between 1992 and 2015 and to forecast under-5 mortality rates (U5MRs) for the period 2016\u20132020.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      An entire population-based epidemiological study was conducted. Data collection was based on the Child Death Reporting Card of the Beijing Under-5 Mortality Rate Surveillance Network. Trends in mortality and leading causes of death were analysed using the \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      test and SPSS 19.0 software. An autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model was fitted to forecast U5MRs between 2016 and 2020 using the EViews 8.0 software.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mortality in neonates, infants and children aged under 5 years decreased by 84.06%, 80.04% and 80.17% from 1992 to 2015, respectively. However, the U5MR increased by 7.20% from 2013 to 2015. Birth asphyxia, congenital heart disease, preterm\/low birth weight and other congenital abnormalities comprised the top five causes of death. The greatest, most rapid reduction was that of pneumonia by 92.26%, with an annual average rate of reduction of 10.53%. The distribution of causes of death differed among children of different ages. Accidental asphyxia and sepsis were among the top five causes of death in children aged 28\u2009days to 1 year and accident was among the top five causes in children aged 1\u20134 years. The U5MRs in Beijing are projected to be 2.88\u2030, 2.87\u2030, 2.90\u2030, 2.97\u2030 and 3.09\u2030 for the period 2016\u20132020, based on the predictive model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Beijing has made considerable progress in reducing U5MRs from 1992 to 2015. However, U5MRs could show a slight upward trend from 2016 to 2020. Future considerations for child healthcare include the management of birth asphyxia, congenital heart disease, preterm\/low birth weight and other congenital abnormalities. Specific preventative measures should be implemented for children of various age groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-015941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,19]],"date-time":"2017-09-19T20:10:17Z","timestamp":1505851817000},"page":"e015941","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Trend analysis of mortality rates and causes of death in children under 5 years old in Beijing, China from 1992 to 2015 and forecast of mortality into the future: an entire population-based epidemiological study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Han","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Department of Children\u2019s Health Care, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yichen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Children\u2019s Health Care, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongyang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Children\u2019s Health Care, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child, Adolescent Health and Maternal Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hospital Management, School of Health Administration and Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dian","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120523304391000_7.9.e015941.1","unstructured":"Chengye J . 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