{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:42:37Z","timestamp":1787067757296,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004490","name":"University of Waterloo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004490","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pain can affect people regardless of age, gender or ethnicity. Chronic central neuropathic pain (CCNP) is a debilitating condition that affects populations such as stroke survivors, amputees, spinal cord injury patients and patients with multiple sclerosis, with prevalence rates between 30% and 80%. This condition can be caused by a lesion or disease affecting the somatosensory system. CCNP is notoriously drug resistant, and few effective CCNP treatment or management strategies exist. The emergence of non-invasive brain stimulation and neuromodulation techniques provide novel avenues for managing chronic central neuropathic pain. This scoping review aims to systematically identify the methods and effectiveness of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques for treating and managing chronic central neuropathic pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The following databases will be searched systematically: PubMed, EMBASE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Institute of Electric and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), Association of Computing Machinary (ACM) and Scopus. Additional literature will be identified by searching the reference lists of identified studies. Studies will include reviews and original research in both published and grey literatures. Two reviewers will independently screen identified studies for final inclusion. A quantitative analysis on the intervention type, application and efficacy will be synthesised along with a qualitative analysis to describe the effectiveness of each intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No primary data will be collected and hence formal ethics review is not required. The results of the scoping review will be presented at relevant national and international conferences, published in a peer-reviewed journal and provided to the stakeholders with plain language to be posted on their websites. This scoping review will provide a foundation to guide the development of future primary research on non-invasive brain stimulation and CCNP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,16]],"date-time":"2017-10-16T22:15:15Z","timestamp":1508192115000},"page":"e016002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Non-invasive brain stimulation interventions for management of chronic central neuropathic pain: a scoping review protocol"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Mei Lin","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Design Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Design Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Boger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Design Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Mercer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Design Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121407363536000_7.10.e016002.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.31.4.04","article-title":"The prevalence of chronic pain and pain-related interference in the Canadian population from 1994 to 2008","volume":"31","author":"Reitsma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chronic Dis Inj Can"},{"key":"2025121407363536000_7.10.e016002.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)01307-0"},{"key":"2025121407363536000_7.10.e016002.3","unstructured":"International Association for the Study of Pain, \u201cIASP Taxonomy,\u201d. 2012 https:\/\/www.iasp-pain.org\/Education\/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=1698&navItemNumber=576#Pain (accessed 04 Jul 2017)."},{"key":"2025121407363536000_7.10.e016002.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/876306"},{"key":"2025121407363536000_7.10.e016002.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/eujp.2001.0260"},{"key":"2025121407363536000_7.10.e016002.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/654651"},{"key":"2025121407363536000_7.10.e016002.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2003.12.004"},{"key":"2025121407363536000_7.10.e016002.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70251-0"},{"key":"2025121407363536000_7.10.e016002.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2007.01916.x"},{"key":"2025121407363536000_7.10.e016002.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2005.08.013"},{"key":"2025121407363536000_7.10.e016002.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.010259"},{"key":"2025121407363536000_7.10.e016002.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(88)90198-4"},{"key":"2025121407363536000_7.10.e016002.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(90)90025-9"},{"key":"2025121407363536000_7.10.e016002.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2008.07.003"},{"key":"2025121407363536000_7.10.e016002.15","first-page":"14","article-title":"\u201cThe role of neurostimulation in the treatment of neuropathic pain,\u201d","volume":"1","author":"Papuc","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann agric Env. med"},{"key":"2025121407363536000_7.10.e016002.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.02.023"},{"key":"2025121407363536000_7.10.e016002.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.055806"},{"key":"2025121407363536000_7.10.e016002.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2007.01.009"},{"key":"2025121407363536000_7.10.e016002.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000037"},{"key":"2025121407363536000_7.10.e016002.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. 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