{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T23:11:21Z","timestamp":1783120281248,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","funder":[{"name":"National Plan for Research: Development and Innovation (R+D+i) MICINN"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Early detection of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, such as obesity, is crucial to prevent adverse long-term effects on individuals\u2019 health. Therefore, the aims were: (1) to explore the robustness of neck circumference (NC) as a predictor of CVD and examine its association with numerous anthropometric and body composition indices and (2) to release sex and age-specific NC cut-off values to classify youths as overweight\/obese.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>23 primary schools and 17 secondary schools from Spain.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>2198 students (1060 girls), grades 1\u20134 and 7\u201310.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Measures<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pubertal development, anthropometric and body composition indices, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively), cardiorespiratory fitness, blood sampling triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), glucose and inflammatory markers. Homoeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) and cluster of CVD risk factors were calculated.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>NC was positively correlated with all anthropometric and body composition indices. NC was negatively associated with maximum oxygen consumption (R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>=0.231, p&lt;0.001 for boys; R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>=0.018, p&lt;0.001 for girls) and positively associated with SBP, DBP, TC\/HDL-c, TG, HOMA, complement factors C-3 and C-4, leptin, adiponectin and clustered CVD risk factor in both sexes (R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> from 0.035 to 0.353, p&lt;0.01 for boys; R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> from 0.024 to 0.215, p&lt;0.001 for girls). Moreover, NC was positively associated with serum C reactive protein, LDL-c and visfatin only in boys (R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> from 0.013 to 0.107, p&lt;0.05).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>NC is a simple, low-cost and practical screening tool of excess of upper body obesity and CVD risk factors in children and adolescents. Paediatricians can easily use it as a screening tool for overweight\/obesity in children and adolescents. For this purpose, sex and age-specific thresholds to classify children and adolescents as normal weight or overweight\/obese are provided.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,12]],"date-time":"2017-09-12T20:10:14Z","timestamp":1505247014000},"page":"e016048","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Neck circumference and clustered cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents: cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Castro-Pi\u00f1ero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of C\u00e1diz, Puerto Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvaro","family":"Delgado-Alfonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of C\u00e1diz, Puerto Real, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Gracia-Marco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Health and Exercise Research Centre (CHERC), Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK"},{"name":"GENUD 'Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development' Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"G\u00f3mez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunonutrition Group, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Esteban-Cornejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Sports and Human Movement, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"PROFITH \"PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity\" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar L","family":"Veiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Sports and Human Movement, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ascensi\u00f3n","family":"Marcos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunonutrition Group, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, 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