{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T16:37:30Z","timestamp":1789749450713,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The evaluation of discomfort in paediatric research is scarcely evidence-based. In this study, we make a start in describing children's self-reported discomfort during common medical research procedures and compare this with discomfort during dental check-ups which can be considered as a reference level of a \u2018minimal discomfort\u2019 medical procedure. We exploratory study whether there are associations between age, anxiety-proneness, gender, medical condition, previous experiences and discomfort. We also describe children's suggestions for reducing discomfort.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cross-sectional descriptive study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Paediatric research at three academic hospitals.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Patients<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>357 children with and without illnesses (8\u201318 years, mean=10.6 years) were enrolled: 307 from paediatric research studies and 50 from dental care.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We measured various generic forms of discomfort (nervousness, annoyance, pain, fright, boredom, tiredness) due to six common research procedures: buccal swabs, MRI scans, pulmonary function tests, skin prick tests, ultrasound imaging and venepunctures.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Most children reported limited discomfort during the research procedures (means: 1\u20132.6 on a scale from 1 to 5). Compared with dental check-ups, buccal swab tests, skin prick tests and ultrasound imaging were less discomforting, while MRI scans, venepunctures and pulmonary function tests caused a similar degree of discomfort. 60.3% of the children suggested providing distraction by showing movies to reduce discomfort. The exploratory analyses suggested a positive association between anxiety-proneness and discomfort.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The findings of this study support the acceptability of participation of children in the studied research procedures, which stimulates evidence-based research practice. Furthermore, the present study can be considered as a first step in providing benchmarks for discomfort of procedures in paediatric research.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]],"date-time":"2017-08-01T20:10:56Z","timestamp":1501618256000},"page":"e016077","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The child's perspective on discomfort during medical research procedures: a descriptive study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Mira S","family":"Staphorst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Section Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc A","family":"Benninga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margriet","family":"Bisschoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Paediatrics and Child Psychiatry, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irma","family":"Bon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan J V","family":"Busschbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Section Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kay","family":"Diederen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes B","family":"van Goudoever","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric G","family":"Haarman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, VU University Medical Center (VUmc), Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joke A M","family":"Hunfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Section Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent V W","family":"Jaddoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Paediatrics and Child Psychiatry, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin J M","family":"de Jong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pedodontology, Academic Center Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan C","family":"de Jongste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Paediatrics and Child Psychiatry, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The 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