{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T02:14:00Z","timestamp":1777169640196,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acute respiratory tract infections (ARIs) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in young children in low\/middle-income countries. Using routine hospital data, we aimed to examine the spatial distribution, temporal trends and climatic risk factors of paediatric ARIs in Vietnam.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from hospitalised paediatric (&lt;16 years) patients with ARIs residing in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) between 2005 and 2010 were retrieved from the two main Children\u2019s Hospitals and the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in HCMC. Spatial mapping and time series analysis were performed after disaggregating data into upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) and lower respiratory tract infections (LRIs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over the study period, there were 155\u2009999 paediatric patients admitted with ARIs (33% of all hospital admissions). There were 68 120 URIs (14%) and 87 879 LRIs (19%). The most common diagnoses were acute pharyngitis (28% of all ARI), pneumonia (21%), bronchitis (18%) and bronchiolitis (16%). A significant increasing trend over time was found for both URIs (mean weekly incidence per 1000 population, I=3.12), incidence rate ratio for 1-week increase in time (RR 1.0, 95%\u2009CI 1.02 to 1.17) for URI and (I=4.02, RR 1.08 (95%\u2009CI 1.006 to 1.16)) for LRI. The weekly URI incidence peaked in May\u2013June and was significantly associated with lags in weekly URI incidence and the average humidity, rainfall and water level. The weekly LRI incidence exhibited significant seasonality (P&lt;0.0001), with an annual peak in September\u2013October and was significantly associated with lags in weekly LRI incidence and lags in weekly average temperature, rainfall and water level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ARIs are a leading cause of childhood hospitalisation in HCMC, Vietnam. The incidence of ARIs was higher in the wet season and in specific HCMC districts. These results may guide health authorities in where and when to effectively allocate resources for the prevention and control of ARIs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]],"date-time":"2018-01-22T00:15:09Z","timestamp":1516580109000},"page":"e016349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Retrospective analysis assessing the spatial and temporal distribution of paediatric acute respiratory tract infections in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Nhan Thi","family":"Ho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"},{"name":"Pediatrics, Columbia UniversityMedical Center, New York, New York, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Corinne","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"},{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Infection Biology, The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Le Nguyen Thanh","family":"Nhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hoang Minh Tu","family":"Van","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Thanh","family":"Dung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General planning, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phuc","family":"Tran My","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vo Minh","family":"Quang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General planning, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ngo Ngoc Quang","family":"Minh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tran Anh","family":"Tuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Thanh","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ha Manh","family":"Tuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Van","family":"Vinh Chau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General planning, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Wolbers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"},{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guy E","family":"Thwaites","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"},{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Choisy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Research and Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"},{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121411482508000_8.1.e016349.1","unstructured":"Simoes EAF , Cherian T , Chow J , et al . Acute respiratory infections in children. Disease control priorities in developing countries. 2nd edn. Washington DC: World Bank, 2006."},{"key":"2025121411482508000_8.1.e016349.2","unstructured":"WHO\/UNICEF. Ending preventable child deaths from Pneumonia and Diarrhoea by 2025: the Integrated Global Action Plan for Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD). Geneva, 2013."},{"key":"2025121411482508000_8.1.e016349.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61728-0"},{"key":"2025121411482508000_8.1.e016349.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(01)00170-0"},{"key":"2025121411482508000_8.1.e016349.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60560-1"},{"key":"2025121411482508000_8.1.e016349.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60222-6"},{"key":"2025121411482508000_8.1.e016349.7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Global and national burden of diseases and injuries among children and adolescents between 1990 and 2013: findings from the global burden of disease 2013 study","volume":"170","author":"Kyu","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"2025121411482508000_8.1.e016349.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000643"},{"key":"2025121411482508000_8.1.e016349.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018176","article-title":"Viral etiologies of acute respiratory infections among hospitalized Vietnamese children in Ho Chi Minh City, 2004-2008","volume":"6","author":"Do","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025121411482508000_8.1.e016349.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881500134X","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of acute respiratory virus infections in Vietnamese children","volume":"144","author":"Tran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2025121411482508000_8.1.e016349.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.03.066"},{"key":"2025121411482508000_8.1.e016349.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-260","article-title":"Rapid assessment of Hib disease burden in Vietnam","volume":"11","author":"Nyambat","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025121411482508000_8.1.e016349.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/605435"},{"key":"2025121411482508000_8.1.e016349.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1824-7288-39-34"},{"key":"2025121411482508000_8.1.e016349.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1526-0542(09)70004-1"},{"key":"2025121411482508000_8.1.e016349.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-4-19","article-title":"Crowding: risk factor or protective factor for lower respiratory disease in young children?","volume":"4","author":"Cardoso","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025121411482508000_8.1.e016349.17","unstructured":"Statistical Office in Ho Chi Minh City. Statistical yearbook of Ho Chi Minh City 2011. Ho Chi Minh City: Ho Chi Minh City Statistical Office, 2012."},{"key":"2025121411482508000_8.1.e016349.18","unstructured":"Loc PD. Climate data records of Vietnam. Ha Noi: Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 2013."},{"key":"2025121411482508000_8.1.e016349.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1992.tb00253.x","article-title":"Smoothing regional maps using empirical bayes predictors","volume":"24","author":"Cressie","year":"1992","journal-title":"Geogr Anal"},{"key":"2025121411482508000_8.1.e016349.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gean.12008"},{"key":"2025121411482508000_8.1.e016349.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780140809"},{"key":"2025121411482508000_8.1.e016349.22","first-page":"706","volume-title":"Microeconometrics using Stata","volume":"5","author":"Cameron","year":"2009"},{"key":"2025121411482508000_8.1.e016349.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9868.00183","article-title":"Inference in generalized additive mixed modelsby using smoothing splines","volume":"61","author":"Lin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser B"},{"key":"2025121411482508000_8.1.e016349.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wood SN . Generalized additive models: an introduction with R. 16: Wiley Interdiscip, 2006.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420010404"},{"key":"2025121411482508000_8.1.e016349.25","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. 2016."},{"key":"2025121411482508000_8.1.e016349.26","unstructured":"Le TG , Ngo L , Mehta S , et al . Effects of short-term exposure to air pollution on hospital admissions of young children for acute lower respiratory infections in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Res Rep Health Eff Inst 2012:5\u201383."},{"key":"2025121411482508000_8.1.e016349.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2015.06.002","article-title":"Seasonality of absolute humidity explains seasonality of influenza-like illness in Vietnam","volume":"13","author":"Thai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"2025121411482508000_8.1.e016349.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.07.018","article-title":"National surveillance for influenza and influenza-like illness in Vietnam, 2006-2010","volume":"31","author":"Nguyen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2025121411482508000_8.1.e016349.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200406000-00003"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016349","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T19:48:34Z","timestamp":1765741714000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016349"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016349"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016349","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}}}