{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:46:26Z","timestamp":1790624786775,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","funder":[{"name":"The Center for Infectious Disease Control of the Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004963","name":"Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004963","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Public Health Service of Amsterdam, the Netherlands"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002996","name":"Dutch Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002996","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There are limited data on the usage of commercially bought self-tests for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Therefore, we studied HIV\/STI self-test usage and its determinants among the general population and sexual risk groups between 2007 and 2015 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Data were collected in four different studies among the general population (S1<jats:bold>\u2013<\/jats:bold>2) and sexual risk groups (S3<jats:bold>\u2013<\/jats:bold>4).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>S1<jats:bold>\u2013<\/jats:bold>Amsterdam residents participating in representative population-based surveys (2008 and 2012; n=6044) drawn from the municipality register; S2<jats:bold>\u2013<\/jats:bold>Participants of a population-based study stratified by ethnicity drawn from the municipality register of Amsterdam (2011\u20132015; n=17\u2009603); S3<jats:bold>\u2013<\/jats:bold>Men having sex with men (MSM) participating in an HIV observational cohort study (2008 and 2013; n=597) and S4<jats:bold>\u2013<\/jats:bold>STI clinic clients participating in a cross-sectional survey (2007\u20132012; n=5655).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Prevalence of HIV\/STI self-test usage and its determinants.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The prevalence of HIV\/STI self-test usage in the preceding 6\u201312 months varied between 1% and 2% across studies. Chlamydia self-tests were most commonly used, except among MSM in S3. Chlamydia and syphilis self-test usage increased over time among the representative sample of Amsterdam residents (S1) and chlamydia self-test usage increased over time among STI clinic clients (S4). Self-test usage was associated with African Surinamese or Ghanaian ethnic origin (S2), being woman or MSM (S1 and 4) and having had a higher number of sexual partners (S1\u20132). Among those in the general population who tested for HIV\/STI in the preceding 12 months, 5\u20139% used a self-test.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Despite low HIV\/STI self-test usage, we observed increases over time in chlamydia and syphilis self-test usage. Furthermore, self-test usage was higher among high-risk individuals in the general population. It is important to continue monitoring self-test usage and informing the public about the unknown quality of available self-tests in the Netherlands and about the pros and cons of self-testing.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016609","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,22]],"date-time":"2017-09-22T20:10:19Z","timestamp":1506111019000},"page":"e016609","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Usage of purchased self-tests for HIV and sexually transmitted infections in Amsterdam, the Netherlands: results of population-based and serial cross-sectional studies among the general population and sexual risk groups"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Janneke P","family":"Bil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Research and Prevention, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Prins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Research and Prevention, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Infection and Immunology Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ineke G","family":"Stolte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Research and Prevention, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henri\u00ebtte","family":"Dijkshoorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Titia","family":"Heijman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sexually Transmitted Infections Outpatient Clinic, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marieke B","family":"Snijder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health\/Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Udi","family":"Davidovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Research and Prevention, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Freke R","family":"Zuure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Research and Prevention, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Infection and Immunology Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101811195301000_7.9.e016609.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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