{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T11:54:58Z","timestamp":1765886098670,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001781","name":"Swinburne University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A significant proportion of the global burden of disease has been attributed to mental and behavioural disorders. People with mental disorders (MDs) have lower levels of health-related quality of life than those without MDs. Several studies have shown that in low-resource countries, a range of social determinants including poor health literacy is critical in the epidemiological transition of disease outcome. There is a lack of evidence of MDs literacy, the prevalence and risk factors of common mental health conditions, or any validated instruments to measure psychological distress or evaluate the quality of life in rural areas of Bangladesh.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aims of this study are: (1) report the awareness, knowledge, attitudes and practice (KAP) of MDs; (2) estimate the prevalence of and risk factors for psychological distress; (3) measure association of psychological distress and other socio-demographic factors with quality of life and (4) test the feasibility to use Kessler 10-item (K10) and WHO Quality Of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaires in rural Bangladesh for measuring psychological distress and quality of life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A sample of 1500 adults aged 18\u201359 years and 1200 older adults aged 60\u201390 years will be interviewed from a multistage cluster random sample. Each participant will go through a face-to-face interview to assess their awareness and KAP of MDs. Information about the participant\u2019s sociodemographic and socioeconomic status will be collected along with the psychological distress (K10) and quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaires. Internal consistency, validity, reliability and item discrimination of K10 and WHOQOL-BREF instruments will be determined by using Rasch analysis and regression techniques.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human Ethics Approval was received from the Swinburne University of Technology Human Ethics Committee. Results of this research will be disseminated via scientific forums including peer-reviewed publications and presentations at national and international conferences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]],"date-time":"2017-09-01T20:10:27Z","timestamp":1504296627000},"page":"e016745","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Psychological distress and quality of life: rationale and protocol of a prospective cohort study in a rural district in Bangaladesh"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Mohammed Nazim","family":"Uddin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Data Science and Epidemiology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunil","family":"Bhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Al Mahmud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Design Innovation (CDI), School of Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fakir M Amirul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Data Science and Epidemiology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"Organisation for Rural Community Development (ORCD), Narail, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.1","unstructured":"Tomlinson M , Swartz L , Daniels K . No health without mental health The global effort to improve population mental health. Rout Stud Pub Hlth 2011:174\u201391."},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.2","unstructured":"Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5\u00ae): American Psychiatric Pub, 2013."},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61611-6"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61415-9"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.5","first-page":"609","article-title":"Poverty and common mental disorders in developing countries","volume":"81","author":"Patel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.10m06176blu"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.10.082784"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60243-8"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2006.06.018"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-8343(03)00067-7","article-title":"Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in an urban community in Bangladesh","volume":"25","author":"Islam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-014-0216-9","article-title":"Mental disorders in Bangladesh: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Hossain","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1584.2007.00863.x"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.13","unstructured":"World Health Organization. The world health report: 2001. Mental health: new understanding, new hope. 2001. Geneva: WHO, 2001."},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-236","article-title":"Exploring knowledge, attitudes and practices related to diabetes in Mongolia: a national population-based survey","volume":"13","author":"Demaio","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.15","first-page":"838","article-title":"Knowledge of diabetes and diabetic retinopathy among rural populations in India, and the influence of knowledge of diabetic retinopathy on attitude and practice","volume":"8","author":"Rani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rural Remote Health"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr226"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133043","article-title":"Factors associated with awareness, attitudes and Practices regarding Common Eye Diseases in the General Population in a Rural District in Bangladesh: the Bangladesh Population-based Diabetes and Eye Study (BPDES)","volume":"10","author":"Islam","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110368","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes and practice of diabetes in rural Bangladesh: the Bangladesh Population based Diabetes and Eye Study (BPDES)","volume":"9","author":"Islam","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.3.561"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052857","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude and practices of diabetic patients in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"8","author":"Al-Maskari","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.9.1.1"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1997.tb140071.x","article-title":"'Mental health literacy': a survey of the public's ability to recognise mental disorders and their beliefs about the effectiveness of treatment","volume":"166","author":"Jorm","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000199","article-title":"Knowledge and attitudes toward depression among community members in rural Gujarat, India","volume":"202","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aogh.2014.04.001","article-title":"Knowledge of and attitudes toward clinical depression among health providers in Gujarat, India","volume":"80","author":"Almanzar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Glob Health"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207411.1994.11449286"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-014-0148-6","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation, using rasch analysis, of the WHOQOL-BREF in heroin-dependent people undergoing methadone maintenance treatment: further item validation","volume":"12","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00112-K"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.28","unstructured":"WHOQOL-Measuring quality of life. The World Health Orgnaization Quality of Life Instruments. 1997."},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.27.389","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the stroke specific quality of life scale for the assessment of participation in stroke survivors using the rasch model: a preliminary study","volume":"27","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(99)80733-3","article-title":"Effect of diabetes on neurological condition and quality of life of patients with ischaemic stroke","volume":"144","author":"D\u0153biec","year":"1999","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2012.08.2208"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-014-0686-8"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00634750"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:QURE.0000025583.28948.5b"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-7-37"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-014-0877-3","article-title":"Development and validation of the somali WHOQOL-BREF among refugees living in the USA","volume":"24","author":"Redko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.37","first-page":"56","article-title":"Measurement of quality of life: current state of the art","volume":"63","author":"Flanagan","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.33.2.138"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291798006667"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-005-1744-z"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2006.01537.x","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Bangla version of WHOQOL-BREF in an adult population in Dhaka, Bangladesh","volume":"60","author":"Tsutsumi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-012-0333-1"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1080\/19338240903390347","article-title":"Quality of Life of Arsenicosis Patients in an Arsenic-Affected Rural Area in Bangladesh","volume":"65","author":"Laskar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Environ Occup Health"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428105275397","article-title":"Book review: applying the Rasch Model: fundamental measurement in the Human Sciences","volume":"8","author":"Bradley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Organ Res Methods"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.45","first-page":"184","article-title":"Fundamentals of Item Response Theory - Hambleton,Rk, Swaminathan,H, Rogers,Hj","volume":"46","author":"Bartholomew","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brit J Math Stat Psy"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raykov T , Marcoulides GA . Fundamentals and models of Item Response Theory. Introduction to Psychometric Theory 2011:269\u2013304.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203841624"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-012-9276-7"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/S1836-9553(10)70030-8","article-title":"The depression anxiety stress Scale (DASS)","volume":"56","author":"Parkitny","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Physiother"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291702006074"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.2.184"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842X.2001.tb00310.x"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370705200209"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00048670903279820"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.257"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.57","unstructured":"Adult literacy rate in Bangladesh. 2015."},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013867826835"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.59","unstructured":"District Statistics. Secondary District Statistics 2017. 2017 http:\/\/www.bbs.gov.bd\/WebTestApplication\/userfiles\/Image\/District%20Statistics\/Narail.pdf."},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.60","unstructured":"Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Population and Housing Census. 2010."},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-014-0216-9","article-title":"Mental disorders in Bangladesh: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Hossain","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.62","unstructured":"Reavley NJ , Jorm AF . National Survey of Mental Health literacy and stigma. Department of Health and Ageing, Canberra 2011."},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291798006667"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/135910457000100301"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.65","unstructured":"Permission to use WHOQOL-100 and\/or WHOQOL-BREF questionnaires. 2015."},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(01)00271-4"},{"key":"2025120523433452000_7.9.e016745.67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842X.2003.tb00614.x","article-title":"Comparison of health estimates between Victorian Population Health surveys and National Health surveys","volume":"27","author":"Serraglio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Public Health"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016745","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T07:43:49Z","timestamp":1765007029000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016745"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016745"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016745","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2044-6055"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2044-6055"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}}}