{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T13:59:56Z","timestamp":1789567196126,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009471","name":"EkstraStiftelsen Helse og Rehabilitering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009471","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective was to prospectively examine potential differences in the risk of first cardiovascular disease (CVD) events between South Asians and Europeans living in Norway and New Zealand, and to investigate whether traditional risk factors could explain any differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included participants (30\u201374 years) without prior CVD in a Norwegian (n=16 606) and a New Zealand (n=129\u2009449) cohort. Ethnicity and cardiovascular risk factor information was linked with hospital registry data and cause of death registries to identify subsequent CVD events. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to investigate the relationship between risk factors and subsequent CVD for South Asians and Europeans, and to calculate age-adjusted HRs for CVD in South Asians versus Europeans in the two cohorts separately. We sequentially added the major CVD risk factors (blood pressure, lipids, diabetes and smoking) to study their explanatory role in observed ethnic CVD risk differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>South Asians had higher total cholesterol (TC)\/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio and more diabetes at baseline than Europeans, but lower blood pressure and smoking levels. South Asians had increased age-adjusted risk of CVD compared with Europeans (87%\u201392%\u2009higher in the Norwegian cohort and 42%\u201375%\u2009higher in the New Zealand cohort) and remained with significantly increased risk after adjusting for all major CVD risk factors. Adjusted HRs for South Asians versus Europeans in the Norwegian cohort were 1.57 (95%\u2009CI 1.19 to 2.07) in men and 1.76 (95%\u2009CI 1.09 to 2.82) in women. Corresponding figures for the New Zealand cohort were 1.64 (95%\u2009CI 1.43 to 1.88) in men and 1.39 (95%\u2009CI 1.11 to 1.73) in women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Differences in TC\/HDL ratio and diabetes appear to explain some of the excess risk of CVD in South Asians compared with Europeans. Preventing dyslipidaemia and diabetes in South Asians may therefore help reduce their excess risk of CVD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,7]],"date-time":"2017-12-07T01:45:11Z","timestamp":1512611111000},"page":"e016819","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Can traditional risk factors explain the higher risk of cardiovascular disease in South Asians compared to Europeans in Norway and New Zealand? Two cohort studies"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Kjersti S","family":"Rabanal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haakon E","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grethe S","family":"Tell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Health Data and Digitalisation, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jannicke","family":"Igland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romana","family":"Pylypchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suneela","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernadette","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Center for Minority Health Research, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Karen","family":"Jenum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Society, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randi M","family":"Selmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rod","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121514342680000_7.12.e016819.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2012-302364"},{"key":"2025121514342680000_7.12.e016819.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487314551538"},{"key":"2025121514342680000_7.12.e016819.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-007-9147-9"},{"key":"2025121514342680000_7.12.e016819.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.12.046"},{"key":"2025121514342680000_7.12.e016819.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2412-z","article-title":"Ethnic inequalities in acute myocardial infarction and stroke rates in Norway 1994-2009: a nationwide cohort study (CVDNOR)","volume":"15","author":"Rabanal","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025121514342680000_7.12.e016819.6","unstructured":"Ministry of Health. 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