{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T10:50:10Z","timestamp":1765882210512,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study aimed to evaluate the association between smoking and incident pterygium in adult Korean men.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective nationwide longitudinal cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>National Health Insurance database of South Korea.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study included Korean men (age range: 40\u201379 years) registered in the Korea National Health Insurance Service database from 2002 through 2013. We compared HRs for pterygium between 90\u2009547 current\/past and 90\u2009547 never-smokers via 1:1 propensity-matched analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary outcome measure<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Incident cases of pterygium were identified from the database.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pterygium developed in 5389 (6.0%) never-smokers and 3898 (4.3%) past\/current smokers (P&lt;0.001). The incidence of pterygium per 1000 person-years in never-smokers and in past\/current smokers was 6.5 and 4.7, respectively (age-adjusted HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.70 to 0.76). This protective effect was more pronounced among current smokers than among past smokers (for current smokers: HR, 0.68; 95%\u2009CI, 0.65 to 0.71 and for past smokers: HR, 0.85; 95%\u2009CI, 0.80 to 0.90). A longer duration of smoking and higher amounts of cigarette consumption were associated with a lower incidence of pterygium.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Longitudinally, cigarette smoking was associated with a reduced risk of pterygium, and this protective effect was more pronounced among current smokers than among past smokers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,29]],"date-time":"2017-11-29T01:40:30Z","timestamp":1511919630000},"page":"e017014","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Protective effect of smoking against pterygium development in men: a nationwide longitudinal cohort study in South 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