{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T09:49:22Z","timestamp":1775209762745,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>More than 80% of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) burden now lies in low and middle-income countries. Hence, there is an urgent need to identify and implement the most cost-effective interventions, particularly in the resource-constraint South Asian settings. Thus, we aimed to systematically review the cost-effectiveness of individual-level, group-level and population-level interventions to control CVD and DM in South Asia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched 14 electronic databases up to August 2016. The search strategy consisted of terms related to \u2018economic evaluation\u2019, \u2018CVD\u2019, \u2018DM\u2019 and \u2018South Asia\u2019. Per protocol two reviewers assessed the eligibility and methodological quality of studies using standard checklists, and extracted incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 2949 identified studies, 42 met full inclusion criteria. Critical appraisal of studies revealed 15 excellent, 18 good and 9 poor quality studies. Most studies were from India (n=37), followed by Bangladesh (n=3), Pakistan (n=2) and Bhutan (n=1). The economic evaluations were based on observational studies (n=9), randomised trials (n=12) and decision models (n=21). Together, these studies evaluated 301 policy or clinical interventions or combination of both. We found a large number of interventions were cost-effective aimed at primordial prevention (tobacco taxation, salt reduction legislation, food labelling and food advertising regulation), and primary and secondary prevention (multidrug therapy for CVD in high-risk group, lifestyle modification and metformin treatment for diabetes prevention, and screening for diabetes complications every 2\u20135 years). Significant heterogeneity in analytical framework and outcome measures used in these studies restricted meta-analysis and direct ranking of the interventions by their degree of cost-effectiveness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The cost-effectiveness evidence for CVD and DM interventions in South Asia is growing, but most evidence is from India and limited to decision modelled outcomes. There is an urgent need for formal health technology assessment and policy evaluations in South Asia using local research data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/display_record.php?ID=CRD42013006479\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">CRD42013006479<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,3]],"date-time":"2018-04-03T10:36:20Z","timestamp":1522751780000},"page":"e017809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Cost-effectiveness of interventions to control cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus in South Asia: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Kavita","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India"},{"name":"Clinical Trials Unit, Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, Delhi, India"},{"name":"Centre for Chronic Conditions and Injuries, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ambalam M","family":"Chandrasekaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trials Unit, Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soumyadeep","family":"Bhaumik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Promotion Division, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaushik","family":"Chattopadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"},{"name":"Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anuji Upekshika","family":"Gamage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Management Development and Planning Unit, Ministry of Health, Colombo, Western, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Padmal De","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Workforce Development, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kalutara, Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ambuj","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorairaj","family":"Prabhakaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trials Unit, Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, Delhi, India"},{"name":"Centre for Chronic Conditions and Injuries, Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, Delhi, India"},{"name":"Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikhil","family":"Tandon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13968-2"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2013.09.001"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7160.703"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09358-3"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.5","unstructured":"Willett WC , Koplan JP , Nugent R . Disease control priorities in developing countries, 2nd edition. Chapter 44 prevention of chronic disease by means of diet and lifestyle changes. In: Jamison DT , Breman JG , Measham AR , Alleyne G , Claeson M , eds. Washington (DC): The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development \/ The World Bank. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006."},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-005-0094-0","article-title":"Translation of successful diabetes-related lifestyle interventions from research to practice","volume":"5","author":"Wheeler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2016.1111869","article-title":"Polypill treatments for cardiovascular diseases","volume":"13","author":"Webster","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Deliv"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39548.738368.BE"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.08.722"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157036","article-title":"Quality Improvement for Cardiovascular Disease Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035698"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000026164"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.13","first-page":"458","article-title":"Complexity and rigour in assessing the health dimensions of sectoral policies and programmes","volume":"81","author":"Ezzati","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.184.5.393"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2004.65.782"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230600944487"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-285"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1050(200012)9:8<681::AID-HEC545>3.0.CO;2-X"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-007205","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of interventions to control cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus in South Asia: protocol for a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drummond MF , Sculpher MJ , Torrance GW , et al . Methodsfor the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programs. 3rd edn. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2005.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198529446.001.0001"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266462305050324","article-title":"Criteria list for assessment of methodological quality of economic evaluations: consensus on health economic criteria","volume":"21","author":"Evers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Technol Assess Health Care"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii-iv, ix-xi, 1-158","DOI":"10.3310\/hta8360","article-title":"Review of guidelines for good practice in decision-analytic modelling in health technology assessment","volume":"8","author":"Philips","year":"2004","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.23","unstructured":"Inflation Calculator India. Calculate India\u2019s inflation between any two years from 1971 to 2017. http:\/\/calculatorstack.com\/inflation-calculator-india.php (accessed on 12 Aug 2017)."},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.24","unstructured":"Inflation calculator. http:\/\/fxtop.com\/en\/inflation-calculator.php (accessed on 12 Aug 2017)."},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.25","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO Guide to cost-effectiveness analysis. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2003."},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.26","unstructured":"Murray C , Lopez A , Mathers C , et al . The global burden of disease 2000 project: aims, methods and data sources. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2001."},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.09.002"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.28","unstructured":"The World Bank Data. All countries and economies - GDP per capita. http:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD (accessed on 20 Aug 2017)."},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e607"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8051271"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/dar095"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61514-0"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czu106"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.34","unstructured":"Narayan KM , Zhang P , Kanaya AM . Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, 2nd edition. Chapter 30 Diabetes: The Pandemic and Potential Solutions. In: Jamison DT , Breman JG , Measham AR , Alleyne G , Claeson M , eds. Washington (DC): the international bank for reconstruction and development \/ The World Bank. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006."},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2013.765845"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.039990"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-0150"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2014.07.002"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.115.001994"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2261-10-13","article-title":"Pre-hospital ECG for acute coronary syndrome in urban India: a cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"10","author":"Schulman-Marcus","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3111\/13696998.2014.991791","article-title":"An analysis of the cost-effectiveness of switching from biphasic human insulin 30, insulin glargine, or neutral protamine Hagedorn to biphasic insulin aspart 30 in people with type 2 diabetes","volume":"18","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Med Econ"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.42","unstructured":"Pritchard C . Office of Health Economics Briefing. Trends in Economic Evaluation. 1998."},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.43","unstructured":"Gaziano TA , Reddy KS , Paccaud F . Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, 2nd edition. Chapter 33 Cardiovascular Disease. In: Jamison DT , Breman JG , Measham AR , Alleyne G , Claeson M , eds. Washington (DC): the international bank for reconstruction and development \/ The World Bank. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006."},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.06.033647"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-015-0753-2","article-title":"Modeling the costs and long-term health benefits of screening the general population for risks of cardiovascular disease: a review of methods used in the literature","volume":"17","author":"Epstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Health Econ"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2016.02.017","article-title":"Country-level cost-effectiveness thresholds: initial estimates and the need for further research","volume":"19","author":"Woods","year":"2016","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.47","unstructured":"Health intervention and technology assessment program, Thailand. 2007 http:\/\/www.hitap.net\/en\/ (accessed on 05 Dec 2017)."},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2015.02.001"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2005.00045.x"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-4733.2003.00234.x"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-4733.2003.00003.x"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.15450"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.83.4.1179"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(97)87242-3","article-title":"A RCT to estimate cost effectiveness of antihypertensive regimes with or without diuretics for management of mild hypertension","volume":"50","author":"Ahuja","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8183.1998.tb00105.x","article-title":"The Indian Experience of Percutaneous Transvenous Mitral Commissurotomy: Comparison of the Triple Lumen (Inoue) and Double Lumen (Accura) Variable Sized Single Balloon With Regard to Procedural Outcome and Cost Savings","volume":"11","author":"Nanjappa","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Interv Cardiol"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.5414\/CPP39110","article-title":"A randomized trial to compare the efficacy, safety, cost and platelet aggregation effects of enoxaparin and unfractionated heparin (the ESCAPEU trial)","volume":"39","author":"Malhotra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12655-4"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.58","first-page":"3","article-title":"Re-use of explanted DDD pacemakers as VDD- clinical utility and cost effectiveness","volume":"4","author":"Namboodiri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.59","unstructured":"Rodgers A , Lawes CMM , Gaziano TA . Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, 2nd edition. Chapter 45 The Growing Burden of Risk from High Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, and Bodyweight. In: Jamison DT , Breman JG , Measham AR , Alleyne G , Claeson M , eds. Washington (DC): the international bank for reconstruction and development \/ The World Bank. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006."},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.60","unstructured":"Jha P , Chaloupka FJ , Moore J . et al Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, 2nd edition. Chapter 46 Tobacco Addiction. In: Jamison DT , Breman JG , Measham AR , Alleyne G , Claeson M , . eds. Washington (DC): the international bank for reconstruction and development \/ The World Bank. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006."},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1159\/000096484","article-title":"A randomized controlled clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy, safety, cost-effectiveness and effect on PAI-1 levels of the three low-molecular-weight heparins\u2013enoxaparin, nadroparin and dalteparin. The ESCAPe-END study","volume":"78","author":"Shafiq","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2008.11.003"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habib SH , Akter S , Saha S , et al . Cost-effectiveness analysis of medical intervention in patients with early detected of Diabetic Nephropathy in a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome. Clinical Research & Reviews 2010.doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0168-8227(14)70533-9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2010.07.008"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2008.12.005"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.4103\/0022-3859.68649","article-title":"Statins: cost analysis in Indian scenario from eight major clinical trials","volume":"56","author":"Sanmukhani","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Postgrad Med"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(11)60007-6"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.67","first-page":"1064","article-title":"Evaluation of the Cost-Effectiveness of Different Insulin Regimes during the Peri-Operative Period in Type-2 Diabetics in India","volume":"5","author":"Ahmad","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.68","first-page":"293","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of medical intervention in patients with early detection of diabetic retinopathy in a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh","volume":"5","author":"Humaira","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Experiment"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.140577","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of nebivolol and metoprolol in essential hypertension: a pharmacoeconomic comparison of antihypertensive efficacy of beta blockers","volume":"46","author":"Patel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2014.02.012","article-title":"Cost implications of the use of basal insulin glargine in people with early dysglycemia: the ORIGIN trial","volume":"28","author":"Lamy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2014.06.046","article-title":"The cost implications of off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery at one year","volume":"98","author":"Lamy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.114.001213"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czu106"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001827","article-title":"The health system and population health implications of large-scale diabetes screening in India: a microsimulation model of alternative approaches","volume":"12","author":"Basu","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.3111\/13696998.2014.985788","article-title":"An analysis of the cost-effectiveness of starting insulin detemir in insulin-na\u00efve people with type 2 diabetes","volume":"18","author":"Home","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Med Econ"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.76","first-page":"E139","article-title":"Clinical usefulness and cost effectiveness of fractional flow reserve among Indian patients (FIND study)","volume":"88","author":"Sengottuvelu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Catheter Cardiovasc Interv"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.77","first-page":"S2","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness study of antidiabetic drugs in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients from Mumbai, India","volume":"78","author":"Limaye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Current Therapeutic Research"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.019985"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030442"},{"key":"2025121605071167000_8.4.e017809.80","unstructured":"McFayden JE . ed. International drug price indicator reference guide: Boston Management Sciences for Health, 2003."}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017809","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T13:07:23Z","timestamp":1765890443000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017809"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017809"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017809","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]}}}