{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T21:10:16Z","timestamp":1760821816157,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Relationship between recurrent wheeze and airway function and inflammation in preschool children is not fully known.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To investigate the relationship between recurrent wheeze and airway inflammation, lung function, airway hyper-reactivity (AHR) and atopy in preschool children.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Observational study, comparing forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>), forced vital capacity (FVC) and mid-forced expiratory flow (FEF<jats:sub>25%\u201375%<\/jats:sub>), dose\u2013response slope (DRS), exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) and atopic sensitisation between children with recurrent wheeze and those without.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Population-based, cross-sectional study in Seoul and the Gyeonggi province of Korea conducted as a government-funded programme to perform standardised measurement of the prevalence of allergic diseases, and related factors, in preschool children.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>900 children aged 4\u20136 years.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>eNO, FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\/FVC, FEF<jats:sub>25%\u201375%<\/jats:sub>, DRS, atopic sensitisation and allergic diseases.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Children completed the modified International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire and underwent eNO assessments, spirometry, methacholine bronchial provocation tests and skin prick tests. Recurrent wheeze was defined as having a lifetime wheeze of more than three episodes, based on the questionnaire. The frequency of hospitalisation and emergency room visits was also obtained by means of the questionnaire. \u2018Current\u2019 wheeze was defined as having symptoms or treatments within the past 12 months.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The prevalence of recurrent wheeze was 13.4%. Children with recurrent wheeze showed a higher prevalence of lifetime or current allergic rhinitis (p=0.01\u2009and p=0.002, respectively) and lifetime atopic dermatitis (p=0.007). Children with recurrent wheeze showed lower FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\/FVC (p=0.033) and FEF<jats:sub>25%\u201375%<\/jats:sub> (p=0.004), and higher eNO levels (p=0.013) than those without recurrent wheeze. However, the DRS, prevalence of atopic sensitisation and serum IgE levels were not significantly different between the two groups.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Recurrent wheeze in preschool children may be associated with airway inflammation and diminished airway function, but not with AHR or atopy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,9]],"date-time":"2017-10-09T20:10:14Z","timestamp":1507579814000},"page":"e018010","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Recurrent wheeze and its relationship with lung function and airway inflammation in preschool children: a cross-sectional study in South Korea"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Ji Eun","family":"Soh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyung-Moon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji-Won","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyung Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ju-Hee","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyo-Bin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"So-Yeon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma Atopy Center, Research Center for Standardization of Allergic Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gwang-Cheon","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital, Ilsan, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dae-Jin","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Woo Kyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Inje University Seoul Paik Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Young-Ho","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soo-Jong","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma Atopy Center, Research Center for Standardization of Allergic Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9367-2233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung Yeon","family":"Shim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101813461832000_7.10.e018010.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60615-2"},{"key":"2025101813461832000_7.10.e018010.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2008.02966.x"},{"key":"2025101813461832000_7.10.e018010.3","unstructured":"Global Initiative for Asthma. Global Strategy for Asthma Management\u00a0and Prevention. 2017 www.ginasthma.org"},{"key":"2025101813461832000_7.10.e018010.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3132\/pcrj.2008.00069","article-title":"New guidelines on recurrent wheeze in preschool children: implications for primary care","volume":"17","author":"Brand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prim Care Respir J"},{"key":"2025101813461832000_7.10.e018010.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.03.001"},{"key":"2025101813461832000_7.10.e018010.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.22705","article-title":"Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide and wheezing phenotypes in preschool children","volume":"48","author":"Oh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"2025101813461832000_7.10.e018010.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.95.08030483"},{"key":"2025101813461832000_7.10.e018010.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.3109\/02770903.2015.1046078","article-title":"Exhaled nitric oxide as a better diagnostic indicator for evaluating wheeze and airway hyperresponsiveness in preschool children","volume":"52","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"key":"2025101813461832000_7.10.e018010.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.1124"},{"key":"2025101813461832000_7.10.e018010.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200605-642ST"},{"key":"2025101813461832000_7.10.e018010.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2010.04.016","article-title":"Effects of early measles on later rhinitis and bronchial hyperresponsiveness","volume":"105","author":"Shim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"key":"2025101813461832000_7.10.e018010.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2009.115188"},{"key":"2025101813461832000_7.10.e018010.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198810273191702"},{"key":"2025101813461832000_7.10.e018010.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199501193320301"},{"key":"2025101813461832000_7.10.e018010.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200307-891OC"},{"key":"2025101813461832000_7.10.e018010.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.09.020"},{"key":"2025101813461832000_7.10.e018010.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00066307"},{"key":"2025101813461832000_7.10.e018010.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200406-710ST"},{"key":"2025101813461832000_7.10.e018010.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1385\/CRIAI:24:1:7","article-title":"Recurrent wheezing in infants and young children and bronchial hyperresponsiveness: a perspective","volume":"24","author":"Hopp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"2025101813461832000_7.10.e018010.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.58.6.494"},{"key":"2025101813461832000_7.10.e018010.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/JAS-200057908"},{"key":"2025101813461832000_7.10.e018010.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-0582201432303","article-title":"[Prevalence and severity of wheezing in the first year of life in the city of Santo Andr\u00e9, Brazil]","volume":"32","author":"Ferreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Paul Pediatr"},{"key":"2025101813461832000_7.10.e018010.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1590\/S0021-75572007000500012","article-title":"Prevalence of recurrent wheezing in infants","volume":"83","author":"Chong Neto","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2025101813461832000_7.10.e018010.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.11.008"},{"key":"2025101813461832000_7.10.e018010.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00034614"},{"key":"2025101813461832000_7.10.e018010.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20387"},{"key":"2025101813461832000_7.10.e018010.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21208","article-title":"A comparison of parent-reported wheezing or shortness of breath among infants as assessed by questionnaire and physician-interview: the generation R study","volume":"45","author":"Mohangoo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"2025101813461832000_7.10.e018010.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000102613"},{"key":"2025101813461832000_7.10.e018010.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2006.00488.x"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018010","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T20:46:27Z","timestamp":1760820387000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018010"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018010","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2044-6055"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2044-6055"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]}}}