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Only nulliparous women (n=37\u2009050) were included in the preeclampsia analysis. Both iatrogenic and spontaneous preterm delivery (between gestational weeks 22+0\u2009and 36+6) with spontaneous term controls (between gestational weeks 39+0\u2009and 40+6) were included in the preterm delivery analysis resulting in 34\u2009458 cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adjusted OR for preeclampsia and preterm delivery according to consumption of probiotic milk at three different time periods (before pregnancy, during early and late pregnancy).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Probiotic milk intake in late pregnancy (but not before or in early pregnancy) was significantly associated with lower preeclampsia risk (adjusted OR: 0.80 (95% CI 0.68 to 0.94)\u2009p-value: 0.007). Probiotic intake during early (but not before or during late pregnancy) was significantly associated with lower risk of preterm delivery (adjusted OR: 0.79 (0.64 to 0.97)\u2009p-value: 0.03).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this observational study, we found an association between timing of probiotic milk consumption during pregnancy and the incidence of the adverse pregnancy outcomes preeclampsia and preterm delivery. If future randomised controlled trials could establish a causal association between probiotics consumption and reduced risk of preeclampsia and preterm delivery, recommending probiotics would be a promising public health measure to reduce these adverse pregnancy outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,23]],"date-time":"2018-01-23T19:00:11Z","timestamp":1516734011000},"page":"e018021","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Timing of probiotic milk consumption during pregnancy and effects on the incidence of preeclampsia and preterm delivery: a prospective observational cohort study in Norway"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Mahsa","family":"Nordqvist","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Jacobsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Domain of Health Data and Digitalisation, Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Lise","family":"Brants\u00e6ter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Domain of Infection Control, Environment and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronny","family":"Myhre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Domain of Health Data and Digitalisation, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Staffan","family":"Nilsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Verena","family":"Sengpiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121603220001000_8.1.e018021.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17987-2"},{"key":"2025121603220001000_8.1.e018021.2","first-page":"1","article-title":"The prevention of perinatal mortality and morbidity. 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