{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T00:09:41Z","timestamp":1793232581970,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","funder":[{"name":"Canadian Government through Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada, and via financial and technical support provided by PATH"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore contextual factors that increase vulnerabilities to negative sexual and reproductive health (SRH) outcomes and possible differences in SRH-related behaviours and the needs of women who use drugs (WUD) through non-injecting and injecting routes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Qualitative study design using semi-structured in-depth interviews.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty women who injected drugs in the past 3\u2009months and 28 women who reported using drugs through non-injecting routes in the past 1\u2009month.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Interviews were conducted at community-based, drop-in centres in Delhi, India.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Study findings illustrate that WUD were sexually active and had multiple sex partners including clients of sex work. Transient relationships were reported and many participants engaged in unsafe sex. Factors which affected safe sex behaviours included: gender power imbalance, limited agency for decision-making, lack of accurate information for correct self-risk assessment, and being under the influence of drugs. Despite high awareness, low and inconsistent contraceptive use was reported. Some participants were coerced to conceive while a few others reported their inability to conceive. Violence was a key determinant for SRH outcomes. Perception of certain adverse health outcomes (such as infertility) to be \u2018common and expected among WUD\u2019 influenced access to healthcare. Further, healthcare providers\u2019 stigmatising attitudes and lack of women-centric services deterred women from uptake of healthcare services.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings highlight that SRH-related behaviours and needs of this group are a complex interplay of multiple determinants which need to be addressed at all levels: individual, family, community and institutional. It is imperative to roll out a \u2018one-stop-shop\u2019 for a comprehensive package of health services. Expansion of existing drop-in-centres could be considered for setting-up community-based women-centric services with appropriate linkage to drug dependence treatment and reproductive health services.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,19]],"date-time":"2017-11-19T23:40:11Z","timestamp":1511134811000},"page":"e018530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Women and substance use: a qualitative study on sexual and reproductive health of women who use drugs in Delhi, India"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Vartika","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Reproductive Health, Ghent University, Belgium (former Population Council), Ghent, Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avina","family":"Sarna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Council, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waimar","family":"Tun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Council, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lopamudra Ray","family":"Saraswati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Council, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibou","family":"Thior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PATH, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ira","family":"Madan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sahara Centre for Residential Care and Rehabilitation, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanley","family":"Luchters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Centre for Reproductive Health, Ghent University, Belgium (former Population Council), Ghent, Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium"},{"name":"Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120600451155000_7.11.e018530.1","unstructured":"Roberts A , Mathers B , Degenhardt L . 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