{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T11:06:26Z","timestamp":1765883186454,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011094","name":"Public Health Agency of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011094","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Minist\u00e8re de la sant\u00e9 et des services sociaux du Qu\u00e9bec"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objectives of this study were: (1) to examine the correlates of HIV positivity among participants who injected drugs and engaged in sex work (PWID-SWs) in the SurvUDI network between 2004 and 2016, after stratification by sex, and (2) to compare these correlates with those of sexually active participants who did not engage in sex work (PWID non-SWs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design and setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This biobehavioural survey is an open cohort of services where participants who had injected in the past 6\u2009months were recruited mainly through harm reduction programmes in Eastern Central Canada.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from 5476 participants (9223 visits in total; 785 not included in multivariate analyses due to missing values) were included.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire and provided saliva samples for anti-HIV antibody testing. Generalised estimating equations taking into account multiple participations were used.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Baseline HIV prevalence was higher among SWs compared with non-SWs (women: 13.0% vs 7.7%; P&lt;0.001, and men: 17.4% vs 10.8%; P&lt;0.001). PWID-SWs were particularly susceptible to HIV infection as a result of higher levels of vulnerability factors and injection risk behaviours. They also presented different risk-taking patterns than their non-SWs counterparts, as shown by differences in correlates of HIV positivity. Additionally, the importance of sex work for HIV infection varies according to gender, as suggested by a large proportion of injection risk behaviours associated with HIV among women and, conversely, a stronger association between sexual behaviours and HIV positivity observed among men.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results suggest that sex work has an impact on the risk of HIV acquisition and that risk behaviours vary according to gender. Public health practitioners should take those specificities into account when designing HIV prevention interventions aimed at PWIDs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]],"date-time":"2018-02-01T00:25:27Z","timestamp":1517444727000},"page":"e019388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Impact of sex work on risk behaviours and their association with HIV positivity among people who inject drugs in Eastern Central Canada: cross-sectional results from an open cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Laurence","family":"Campeau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 sur les Infections Transmissibles Sexuellement et par le Sang, Institut National de Sant\u00e9 Publique du Qu\u00e9bec, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"\u00c9cole de sant\u00e9 publique, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6657-9874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karine","family":"Blouin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 sur les Infections Transmissibles Sexuellement et par le Sang, Institut National de Sant\u00e9 Publique du Qu\u00e9bec, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pascale","family":"Leclerc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole de sant\u00e9 publique, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"Direction r\u00e9gionale de Sant\u00e9 Publique - CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l\u2019\u00cele-de-Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Alary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 sur les Infections Transmissibles Sexuellement et par le Sang, Institut National de Sant\u00e9 Publique du Qu\u00e9bec, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"Axe Sant\u00e9 des populations et pratiques optimales en sant\u00e9, Centre de recherche du CHU de Quebec \u2013 Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, Quebec, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de m\u00e9decine sociale et pr\u00e9ventive, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carole","family":"Morissette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direction r\u00e9gionale de Sant\u00e9 Publique - CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l\u2019\u00cele-de-Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caty","family":"Blanchette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Axe Sant\u00e9 des populations et pratiques optimales en sant\u00e9, Centre de recherche du CHU de Quebec \u2013 Universit\u00e9 Laval, Qu\u00e9bec City, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bouchra","family":"Serhir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e9rologie, Virologie et biologie mol\u00e9culaire, Laboratoire de sant\u00e9 publique du Qu\u00e9bec, Institut National de Sant\u00e9 Publique du Qu\u00e9bec, Sainte-Anne de Bellevue, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elise","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 sur les Infections Transmissibles Sexuellement et par le Sang, Institut National de Sant\u00e9 Publique du Qu\u00e9bec, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"},{"name":"D\u00e9partement des Sciences de la Sant\u00e9 Communautaire, Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke - Campus de Longueuil, Longueuil, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121603040309000_8.1.e019388.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000948","article-title":"Sex work and HIV incidence among people who inject drugs","volume":"30","author":"Kerr","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"2025121603040309000_8.1.e019388.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60884-3"},{"key":"2025121603040309000_8.1.e019388.3","unstructured":"Hope Ditmore M . 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