{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T04:48:27Z","timestamp":1768798107127,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Kenyan guidelines for antibiotic treatment of pneumonia recommended treatment of pneumonia characterised by indrawing with injectable penicillin alone in inpatient settings until early 2016. At this point, they were revised becoming consistent with WHO guidance after results of a Kenyan trial provided further evidence of equivalence of oral amoxicillin and injectable penicillin. This change also made possible use of oral amoxicillin for outpatient treatment in this patient group. However, given non-trivial mortality in Kenyan children with indrawing pneumonia, it remained possible they would benefit from a broader spectrum antibiotic regimen. Therefore, we compared the effectiveness of injectable penicillin monotherapy with a regimen combining penicillin with gentamicin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used a large routine observational dataset that captures data on all admissions to 13 Kenyan county hospitals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants and measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The analyses included children aged 2\u201359 months. Selection of study population was based on inclusion criteria typical of a prospective trial, primary analysis (experiment 1, n=4002), but we also explored more pragmatic inclusion criteria (experiment 2, n=6420) as part of a secondary analysis. To overcome the challenges associated with the non-random allocation of treatments and missing data, we used propensity score (PS) methods and multiple imputation to minimise bias. Further, we estimated mortality risk ratios using log binomial regression and conducted sensitivity analyses using an instrumental variable and PS trimming.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The estimated risk of dying, in experiment 1, in those receiving penicillin plus gentamicin was 1.46 (0.85 to 2.43) compared with the penicillin monotherapy group. In experiment 2, the estimated risk was 1.04(0.76 to 1.40).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is no statistical difference in the treatment of indrawing pneumonia with either penicillin or penicillin plus gentamicin. By extension, it is unlikely that treatment with penicillin plus gentamicin would offer an advantage to treatment with oral amoxicillin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,16]],"date-time":"2017-11-16T00:31:25Z","timestamp":1510792285000},"page":"e019478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Comparative effectiveness of injectable penicillin versus a combination of penicillin and gentamicin in children with pneumonia characterised by indrawing in Kenya: a retrospective observational study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Lucas","family":"Malla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Perera-Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Health Care Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"McFadden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Health Care Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"English","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Health Services Unit, Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121508183429000_7.11.e019478.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.14583","article-title":"Guidelines in lower-middle income countries","volume":"177","author":"Olayemi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"2025121508183429000_7.11.e019478.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2006.074906"},{"key":"2025121508183429000_7.11.e019478.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60071-9"},{"key":"2025121508183429000_7.11.e019478.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17100-6"},{"key":"2025121508183429000_7.11.e019478.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2011.02787.x"},{"key":"2025121508183429000_7.11.e019478.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(14)70273-5"},{"key":"2025121508183429000_7.11.e019478.7","unstructured":"John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. 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