{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T16:23:35Z","timestamp":1789057415359,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIV infection environment presents a classic example of the interplay between infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Traditional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors abound in the HIV population even before initiation of antiretrovirals (ARVs) and predispose them to the development of stroke and myocardial infarction. This work focuses on determining the prevalence of traditional CVD risk factors among ARV-naive HIV individuals in southern Nigeria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a cross-sectional study of ARV-naive patients initiating care at the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital HIV clinic cohort to determine the prevalence and correlates of hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity and dyslipidaemia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The sample consisted of 4925 assessed for hypertension, 5223 for obesity, 1818 for DM and 926 for dyslipidaemia. Hypertension prevalence was 26.7% (95% CI 25.5% to 28.0%) with a male preponderance (p=0.02). DM was found in 5.6% (95% CI 4.5% to 6.7%), obesity in 8.3% (95% CI 7.6% to 9.1%) and dyslipidaemia in 29.1% (95% CI 26.1% to 32.1%) with a high prevalence of low high-density lipoprotein-c (42.6%). Hypertension was independently associated with age (OR 1.04 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.05),\u2009p&lt;0.001) and body mass index (BMI) (OR 1.06 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.08),\u2009p&lt;0.001), obesity with age (OR 1.02 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.03),\u2009p&lt;0.001), male gender (OR 0.38 (95% CI 0.29 to 0.49),\u2009p&lt;0.001) and CD4 count (OR 2.63 (95% CI 1.96 to 3.53),\u2009p&lt;0.001) while dyslipidaemia was associated with BMI (OR 1.05 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.10), p=0.03).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of traditional CVD risk factors is high in this ART-naive HIV population. An integrated approach of HIV and NCD screening\/treatment may be relevant for centres in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,20]],"date-time":"2018-07-20T03:17:33Z","timestamp":1532056653000},"page":"e019664","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Prevalence and correlates of traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease in a Nigerian ART-naive HIV population: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Udeme E","family":"Ekrikpo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Effiong E","family":"Akpan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John U","family":"Ekott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aminu K","family":"Bello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ikechi G","family":"Okpechi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"},{"name":"Kidney and Hypertension Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre P","family":"Kengne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121513523486000_8.7.e019664.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.05.055"},{"key":"2025121513523486000_8.7.e019664.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832d3b85"},{"key":"2025121513523486000_8.7.e019664.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60423-7"},{"key":"2025121513523486000_8.7.e019664.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11672-2"},{"key":"2025121513523486000_8.7.e019664.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200108150-00004"},{"key":"2025121513523486000_8.7.e019664.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00056-0"},{"key":"2025121513523486000_8.7.e019664.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu701"},{"key":"2025121513523486000_8.7.e019664.8","unstructured":"WHO. 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