{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T22:16:20Z","timestamp":1792707380932,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003600","name":"Korean National Police Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003600","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The work of public officers involves repeated and long-term exposure to heavy workloads, high job strain and workplace violence, all of which negatively impact physical and mental health. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the incidences of diseases among different categories of public officers in Korea, in order to further understand the health risks associated with these occupations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cohort study using the National Health Insurance data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We collated claims data between 2002 and 2014 for 860\u2009221 public officers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Age-standardised rates were calculated using the direct standardisation method, and HRs were calculated using the Cox proportional hazard regression models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, we found that police officers and firefighters had a higher incidence of a range of diseases when compared with national and regional government officers (NRG). The most prominent HRs were observed among police officers for angina pectoris (HR: 1.52, 95% CI 1.49 to 1.54), acute myocardial infarction (HR: 1.84, 95%\u2009CI 1.77 to 1.92) and cerebrovascular disease (HR: 1.36, 95%\u2009CI 1.31 to 1.40). Firefighters were more susceptible to physical ailments and were at a significantly higher risk for traumatic stress disorders (HR: 1.40, 95%\u2009CI 1.26 to 1.56) than NRGs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared withNRGs, police officers had higher HRs for all measured diseases, except for traumatic stress disorders. While firefighters had higher HRs for almost all diseases examined, public education officers had a higher HR for traumatic stress disorders, when compared with NRGs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]],"date-time":"2018-02-01T00:25:37Z","timestamp":1517444737000},"page":"e019987","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Do police officers and firefighters have a higher risk of disease than other public officers? A 13-year nationwide cohort study in South Korea"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Minkyung","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohee","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong Heon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Big Data Steering Department, National Health Insurance Service, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-sik","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Science, Seoul National University Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9221-5831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inah","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025120518054611000_8.1.e019987.1","unstructured":"OECD. 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High levels of stress in public administration work, Eurofound. https:\/\/www.eurofound.europa.eu\/observatories\/eurwork\/articles\/highlevels-of-stress-in-public-administration-work (accessed 21 Jul 2017)."},{"key":"2025120518054611000_8.1.e019987.3","first-page":"195","article-title":"Stress and police personnel","volume":"9","author":"Territo","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Police Sci Admin"},{"key":"2025120518054611000_8.1.e019987.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1072-5245.13.4.541"},{"key":"2025120518054611000_8.1.e019987.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1202\/0002-8894(2000)061<0636:COFEDF>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"2025120518054611000_8.1.e019987.6","first-page":"101","article-title":"Occupational health for firefighters","volume":"16","author":"Melius","year":"2000","journal-title":"Occup Med"},{"key":"2025120518054611000_8.1.e019987.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009937","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder and occupational characteristics of police officers in Republic of Korea: a cross-sectional study","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025120518054611000_8.1.e019987.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guidotti TL , ed. 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