{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T13:58:51Z","timestamp":1767707931530,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the physical strains of employees in the German offshore wind industry, according to job type and phase of the wind farm (under construction or operation).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Web-based cross-sectional survey.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Offshore wind farm companies operating within the German exclusive economic zone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Male workers with regular offshore commitments and at least 28 days spent offshore in the past year (n=268).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Physical strains (eg, climbing, noise, working overhead, with twisted upper body or in confined spaces, vibration, heavy lifting, humidity, odours).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The most frequently mentioned physical strain was \u2019climbing\u2019 with 63.8% of the respondents reporting to be always or frequently confronted with climbing and ascending stairs during offshore work. Work as a technician was associated with a greater exposition to noise, vibrations, humidity, cold, heat, chemical substances, lifting\/carrying heavy loads, transport of equipment, working in non-ergonomic positions and in cramped spaces, as well as climbing.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Indeed, statistical analyses showed that, after adjusting for phase of the wind farm, age, nationality, offshore experience, work schedule and type of shift, compared with non-technicians, working as a technician was associated with more frequently lifting\/carrying of heavy loads (OR 2.58, 95%\u2009CI 1.58 to 4.23), transport of equipment (OR 2.06 95%\u2009CI 1.27 to 3.33), working with a twisted upper body (OR 2.85 95%\u2009CI 1.74 to 4.69), working overhead (OR 2.77 95%\u2009CI 1.67 to 4.58) and climbing (OR 2.30 95%\u2009CI 1.40 to 3.77). Working in wind farms under construction was strongly associated with increased and decreased exposure to humidity (OR 2.32 95%\u2009CI 1.38 to 3.92) and poor air quality (OR 0.58 95%\u2009CI 0.35 to 0.95), respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Workers on offshore wind farms constitute a heterogeneous group, including a wide variety of occupations. The degree of exposure to detrimental physical strains varies depending on the type of job. Technicians are more exposed to ergonomic challenges than other offshore workers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,30]],"date-time":"2018-03-30T09:25:52Z","timestamp":1522401952000},"page":"e020157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A cross-sectional survey of physical strains among offshore wind farm workers in the German exclusive economic zone"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5594-4541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcial","family":"Velasco Garrido","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Medicine, Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janika","family":"Mette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Medicine, Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Mache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Medicine, Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Volker","family":"Harth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Medicine, Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra M","family":"Preisser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Medicine, Institute for Occupational and Maritime Medicine (ZfAM), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121513475890000_8.3.e020157.1","unstructured":"Nixon N . 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