{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:49:25Z","timestamp":1790621365085,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess minimal medical statistical literacy in medical students and senior educators using the 10-item Quick Risk Test; to assess whether deficits in statistical literacy are stable or can be reduced by training.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective observational study on the students, observational study on the university lecturers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Charit\u00e9 University Medicine medical curriculum for students and a continuing medical education (CME) course at a German University for senior educators.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>169 students taking part in compulsory final-year curricular training in medical statistical literacy (63% female, median age 25 years). Sixteen professors of medicine and other senior educators attending a CME course on medical statistical literacy (44% female, age range=30\u201365 years).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Students completed a 90\u2009min training session in medical statistical literacy. No intervention for the senior educators.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Primary outcome measure was the number of correct answers out of four multiple-choice alternatives per item on the Quick Risk Test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Final-year students answered on average half (median=50%) of the questions correctly while senior educators answered three-quarters correctly (median=75%). For comparison, chance performance is 25%. A 90\u2009min training session for students increased the median percentage correct from 50% to 90%. 82% of participants improved their performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Medical students and educators do not master all basic concepts in medical statistics. This can be quickly assessed with the Quick Risk Test. The fact that a 90\u2009min training session on medical statistical literacy improves students\u2019 understanding from 50% to 90% indicates that the problem is not a hard-wired inability to understand statistical concepts. This gap in physicians\u2019 education has long-lasting effects; even senior medical educators could answer only 75% of the questions correctly on average. Hence, medical students and professionals should receive enhanced training in how to interpret risk-related medical statistics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020847","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,23]],"date-time":"2018-08-23T07:05:22Z","timestamp":1535007922000},"page":"e020847","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Assessing minimal medical statistical literacy using the Quick Risk Test: a prospective observational study in Germany"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Mirjam Annina","family":"Jenny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harding Center for Risk Literacy, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niklas","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Charit\u00e9 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Humboldt- Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerd","family":"Gigerenzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harding Center for Risk Literacy, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121515045238000_8.8.e020847.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gigerenzer G , Gray JAM . Launching the century of the patient. In: Gigerenzer G , Gray J , eds. Better doctors, better patients, better decisions. California: Better doctors, 2011.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262016032.001.0001"},{"key":"2025121515045238000_8.8.e020847.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.1509"},{"key":"2025121515045238000_8.8.e020847.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-7625.2011.00764.x"},{"key":"2025121515045238000_8.8.e020847.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1017\/S1930297500001819","article-title":"Measuring Risk Literacy: The Berlin Numeracy Test","volume":"7","author":"Cokely","year":"2012","journal-title":"Judgment and Decision Making"},{"key":"2025121515045238000_8.8.e020847.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.9978"},{"key":"2025121515045238000_8.8.e020847.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6053.2008.00033.x"},{"key":"2025121515045238000_8.8.e020847.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-156-5-201203060-00005"},{"key":"2025121515045238000_8.8.e020847.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2016.4924","article-title":"Sun Protection Factor Communication of Sunscreen Effectiveness: A Web-Based Study of Perception of Effectiveness by Dermatologists","volume":"153","author":"Herzog","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"2025121515045238000_8.8.e020847.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-D-12-00161.1","article-title":"Statistical literacy of obstetrics-gynecology residents","volume":"5","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Grad Med Educ"},{"key":"2025121515045238000_8.8.e020847.10","unstructured":"Thaler RH , Sunstein CR . Nudge. Yale: Yale University Press, 2008."},{"key":"2025121515045238000_8.8.e020847.11","unstructured":"Gigerenzer G . Risk Savvy: How to make good decisions. New York: Viking Penguin, 2014."},{"key":"2025121515045238000_8.8.e020847.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-5-14","article-title":"Do citizens have minimum medical knowledge? A survey","volume":"5","author":"Bachmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"2025121515045238000_8.8.e020847.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jhq.12065"},{"key":"2025121515045238000_8.8.e020847.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000126","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the effect of natural frequencies on Bayesian reasoning","volume":"143","author":"McDowell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2025121515045238000_8.8.e020847.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.130.3.380"},{"key":"2025121515045238000_8.8.e020847.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5500.2261"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020847corr2","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,18]],"date-time":"2018-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539820800000}}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020847","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T23:05:03Z","timestamp":1765839903000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020847"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020847"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020847","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]}}}