{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T14:27:56Z","timestamp":1780496876953,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Perpetual Impact Philanthropy Grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Excessive and insufficient sun exposure during childhood have been linked to serious diseases in later life; for example, insufficient sun exposure during childhood may increase the risk of developing myopia. The Kidskin-Young Adult Myopia Study (K-YAMS) is a follow-up of participants in the Kidskin Study, a non-randomised controlled trial that evaluated the effect of a 4-year educational intervention on sun-protection behaviours among primary school children in the late 1990s. Children who received the Kidskin intervention had lower levels of sun exposure compared with peers in the control group after 2 and 4\u2009years of the intervention, but this was not maintained 2 \u2009years after the intervention had ceased. Thus, a follow-up of Kidskin Study participants provides a novel opportunity to investigate the associations between a childhood sun-exposure intervention and potentially related conditions in adulthood.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The K-YAMS contacts Kidskin Study participants and invites them to participate using a variety of methods, such as prior contact details, the Australian Electoral Roll and social media. Self-reported and objective measures of sun-exposure and sun-protection behaviours are collected as well as a number of eye measurements including cycloplegic autorefraction and ocular biometry. Data will be analysed to investigate a possible association between myopic refractive error and Kidskin intervention group or measured sun exposure.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The K-YAMS is approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of Western Australia (RA\/4\/1\/6807). Findings will be disseminated via scientific journals and conferences.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                     <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"ACTRN12616000812392\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">ACTRN12616000812392; Pre-results<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,1]],"date-time":"2018-02-01T00:26:01Z","timestamp":1517444761000},"page":"e020868","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Investigating the long-term impact of a childhood sun-exposure intervention, with a focus on eye health: protocol for the Kidskin-Young Adult Myopia Study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8957-0733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gareth","family":"Lingham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Milne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna","family":"Cross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dallas R","family":"English","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robyn S","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McCusker Centre for Action on Alcohol and Youth, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robyn M","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia"},{"name":"National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyhan","family":"Yazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A","family":"Mackey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101811531346000_8.1.e020868.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2004.10.016"},{"key":"2025101811531346000_8.1.e020868.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10803"},{"key":"2025101811531346000_8.1.e020868.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14589"},{"key":"2025101811531346000_8.1.e020868.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000268266.50850.48"},{"key":"2025101811531346000_8.1.e020868.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-008-1061-5"},{"key":"2025101811531346000_8.1.e020868.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.07.033","article-title":"Myopia in young adults is inversely related to an objective marker of ocular sun exposure: the Western Australian Raine cohort study","volume":"158","author":"McKnight","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025101811531346000_8.1.e020868.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(01)01024-7"},{"key":"2025101811531346000_8.1.e020868.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2009.157727"},{"key":"2025101811531346000_8.1.e020868.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.009"},{"key":"2025101811531346000_8.1.e020868.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009976","article-title":"Evaluation of an intervention to reduce sun exposure in children: design and baseline results","volume":"150","author":"Milne","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025101811531346000_8.1.e020868.11","unstructured":"Milne E . 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