{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T21:01:10Z","timestamp":1792357270851,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","funder":[{"name":"World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Only 12 countries in the WHO\u2019s African region met Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG 4) to reduce under-five mortality by two-thirds by 2015. Given the variability across the African region, a four-country mixed methods study was undertaken to examine barriers and facilitators of child survival prior to 2015. Liberia was selected for an in-depth case study due to its success in reducing under-five mortality by 73% and thus successfully meeting MDG 4. Liberia\u2019s success was particularly notable given the civil war that ended in 2003. We examined some factors contributing to their reductions in under-five mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A case study mixed methods approach drawing on data from quantitative indicators, national documents and qualitative interviews was used to describe factors that enabled Liberia to rebuild their maternal, neonatal and child health (MNCH) programmes and reduce under-five mortality following the country\u2019s civil war.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The interviews were conducted in Monrovia (Montserrado County) and the areas in and around Gbarnga, Liberia (Bong County, North Central region).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Key informant interviews were conducted with Ministry of Health officials, donor organisations, community-based organisations involved in MNCH and healthcare workers. Focus group discussions were conducted with women who have experience accessing MNCH services.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three prominent factors contributed to the reduction in under-five mortality: national prioritisation of MNCH after the civil war; implementation of integrated packages of services that expanded access to key interventions and promoted intersectoral collaborations; and use of outreach campaigns, community health workers and trained traditional midwives to expand access to care and improve referrals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although Liberia experiences continued challenges related to limited resources, Liberia\u2019s effective strategies and rapid progress may provide insights for reducing under-five mortality in other post-conflict settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-021879","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,16]],"date-time":"2018-10-16T00:09:38Z","timestamp":1539648578000},"page":"e021879","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Factors influencing rapid progress in child health in post-conflict Liberia: a mixed methods country case study on progress in child survival, 2000\u20132013"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Marie A","family":"Brault","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen B","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Liberia-Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation (UL-PIRE) Africa Center, University of Liberia, Monrovia, Liberia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connie A","family":"Haley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adolphus T","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liberia Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Monrovia, Liberia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musu C","family":"Duworko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liberia Country office, World Health Organization, Monrovia, Liberia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phanuel","family":"Habimana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Office for Africa, World Health Organization, Brazzaville, Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sten H","family":"Vermund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron M","family":"Kipp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kasonde","family":"Mwinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Office for Africa, World Health Organization, Brazzaville, Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121515002963000_8.10.e021879.1","unstructured":"UNICEF, WHO, World Bank. 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