{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T14:45:22Z","timestamp":1774363522859,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Classifications of posture deviations are only possible compared with standard values. However, standard values have been published for healthy male adults but not for female adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Observational study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt\/Main.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>106healthy female volunteers (21\u201330 years old; 25.1\u00b12.7 years) were included. Their body weight ranged from 46 to 106\u2009kg (60.3\u00b17.9\u2009kg), the heights from 1.53 to 1.82\u2009m (1.69\u00b10.06\u2009m) and the body mass index from 16.9\u2009kg\/m\u00b2 to 37.6\u2009kg\/m\u00b2 (21.1\u00b12.6\u2009kg\/m\u00b2).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A three-dimensional back scan was performed to measure the upper back posture in habitual standing. The tolerance ranges and CI were calculated. Group differences were tested by the Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney U test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In normal posture, the spinal column was marginally twisted to the left, and the vertebrae were marginally rotated to the right. The kyphosis angle is larger than the lumbar angle. Consequently, a more kyphotic posture is observed in the sagittal plane. The habitual posture is slightly scoliotic with a rotational component (scapular depression right, right scapula marginally more dorsally, high state of pelvic right, iliac right further rotated anteriorly).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Healthy young women have an almost ideally balanced posture with minimal ventral body inclination and a marginal scoliotic deviation. Compared with young males, women show only marginal differences in the upper body posture. These values allow a comparison to other studies, both for control and patient data, and may serve as guideline in both clinical practice and scientific studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-022236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,6]],"date-time":"2018-08-06T01:56:05Z","timestamp":1533520565000},"page":"e022236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Standard reference values of the upper body posture in healthy young female adults in Germany: an observational study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Daniela","family":"Ohlendorf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe Universit\u00e4t Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, 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