{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T23:26:38Z","timestamp":1794353198393,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","funder":[{"name":"The Norwegian Nurses Organization"},{"name":"The Western Norway Regional Health Authority"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004785","name":"NordForsk","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate associations between different types of headaches and shift work.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design, participants and outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nurses with different work schedules (day work, two-shift rotation, night work, three-shift rotation) participated in a cohort study with annual surveys that started in 2008\/2009. In 2014 (wave 6), a comprehensive headache instrument was included in the survey, in which 1585 nurses participated. Headaches were assessed according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders IIIb. Frequent headache (\u22651\u2009day per month), migraine, tension-type headache, chronic headache (headache &gt;14 days per month) and medication-overuse headache (chronic headache + acute\u2009headache medication\u2009\u226510 days last month) comprised the dependent variables. Adjusted (for sex, age, percentage of full-time equivalent, marital status, children living at home) logistic regression analyses were conducted with work schedule, number of night shifts worked last year, number of quick returns (&lt;11\u2009hours in-between shifts) last year, shift work disorder and insomnia disorder as predictors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Frequent headache, migraine and chronic headache were associated with shift work disorder (OR 2.04, 95%\u2009CI 1.62 to 2.59; 1.60, 1.21 to 2.12; 2.45, 1.25 to 4.80, respectively) and insomnia disorder (OR 1.79, 95%\u2009CI 1.43 to 2.23; 1.55, 1.18 to 2.02; 3.03, 1.54 to 5.95, respectively), but not with work schedule, number of night shifts or number of quick returns. Tension-type headache was only associated with &gt;20\u2009night shifts last year (OR 1.41, 95%\u2009CI 1.07 to 1.86). Medication-overuse headache was only associated with insomnia disorder (OR 7.62, 95%\u2009CI 2.48 to 23.41).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We did not find any association between different types of headaches and work schedule. However, tension-type headache was associated with high number of night shifts. Nurses with sleep disorders (insomnia disorder and shift work disorder) reported higher prevalence of frequent headaches, migraine, chronic headache and medication-overuse headache (only insomnia) compared with nurses not having insomnia disorder and shift work disorder, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-022403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,19]],"date-time":"2018-11-19T02:54:22Z","timestamp":1542596062000},"page":"e022403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Migraine, tension-type headache and medication-overuse headache in a large population of shift working nurses: a cross-sectional study in Norway"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7051-745X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bj\u00f8rn","family":"Bjorvatn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e5le","family":"Pallesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bente E","family":"Moen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siri","family":"Waage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Espen Saxhaug","family":"Kristoffersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i5210"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqg046"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070228","article-title":"Associations between night work and anxiety, depression, insomnia, sleepiness and fatigue in a sample of Norwegian nurses","volume":"8","author":"\u00d8yane","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070882","article-title":"Insomnia, excessive sleepiness, excessive fatigue, anxiety, depression and shift work disorder in nurses having less than 11 hours in-between shifts","volume":"8","author":"Eldevik","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2016-103920"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2013-102007"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S115326","article-title":"The impact of shift work on the psychological and physical health of nurses in a general hospital: a comparison between rotating night shifts and day shifts","volume":"9","author":"Ferri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055306","article-title":"Shift work disorder in a random population sample--prevalence and comorbidities","volume":"8","author":"Di Milia","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2012.02.002"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2014.07.014"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/32.4.558","article-title":"Shift work disorder among oil rig workers in the North Sea","volume":"32","author":"Waage","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033981","article-title":"Shift work disorder in nurses--assessment, prevalence and related health problems","volume":"7","author":"Flo","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/27.8.1453","article-title":"Shift work sleep disorder: prevalence and consequences beyond that of symptomatic day workers","volume":"27","author":"Drake","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.08.014"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-017-0756-8","article-title":"Insufficient sleep is prevalent among migraineurs: a population-based study","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2016.1278463","article-title":"The association between shift work and treatment-seeking migraine in Denmark","volume":"60","author":"Jakobsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139108967334"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/CBI-200038513"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e703","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.14197","article-title":"The impact of shift work on intensive care nurses' lives outside work: A cross-sectional study","volume":"27","author":"Jensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Nurs"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2001.111006164.x"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2008.01178.x"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1129-2377-16-4","article-title":"The prevalence of primary headache disorders and their associated factors among nursing staff in North China","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-015-0585-6","article-title":"Higher migraine risk in healthcare professionals than in general population: a nationwide population-based cohort study in Taiwan","volume":"16","author":"Kuo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70062-0"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102410391488"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102413485658"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000116244"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.124","article-title":"Medication-overuse headache: risk factors, pathophysiology and management","volume":"12","author":"Diener","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102411410082"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2015.1091354","article-title":"Parasomnias are more frequent in shift workers than in day workers","volume":"32","author":"Bjorvatn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-009-0174-7"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-008-0062-6"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.33","unstructured":"American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The international classification of sleep disorders. In: Diagnostic and coding manual. 2nd edn. Westchester, IL, 2005."},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.107.3.691-706","article-title":"A new scale for measuring insomnia: the Bergen Insomnia Scale","volume":"107","author":"Pallesen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.35","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Text revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000."},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2013.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-010-0201-8"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2008.04.009"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/30.11.1460"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/CBI-200038525"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-014-0520-2","article-title":"Tension-type headache and sleep","volume":"15","author":"Rains","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102413515339"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2011.548806"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1179\/crn.2013.026","article-title":"Headache and insomnia: their relation reviewed","volume":"31","author":"Tran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cranio"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102414540058"},{"key":"2025121605491817000_8.11.e022403.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(93)90057-V"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-022403","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T13:49:27Z","timestamp":1765892967000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-022403"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-022403"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-022403","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}}}