{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T02:34:47Z","timestamp":1791513287465,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate discrepancies prevalent between self-reported hearing difficulty (SHD) and audiometrically measured hearing loss (AHL) and factors associated with such discrepancies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nationwide cross-sectional survey.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from 2010 to 2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included 14\u2009345 participants aged \u226519 years who had normal tympanic membranes (mean age of 49 years).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Self-reported hearing was assessed by asking participants whether they had difficulty in hearing. AHL was defined as &gt;25\u2009dB of mean hearing thresholds measured at 0.5, 1, 2 and 4\u2009kHz in better ear. Underestimated hearing impairment (HI) was defined as having AHL without SHD. Likewise, overestimated HI was defined as having SHD without AHL. Prevalence of underestimated and overestimated HIs was determined. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to examine factors associated with such discrepancies compared with concordant HL.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 14\u2009345 participants, 1876 (13.1%) had underestimated HI while 733 (5.1%) had overestimated HI. Multivariable models revealed that participants who had discrepancies between SHD and AHL were less likely to have older age (OR: 0.979, 95%\u2009CI: 0.967 to 0.991 for the underestimated HI, OR: 0.905, 95%\u2009CI: 0.890 to 0.921 for the overestimated HI) and tinnitus (OR: 0.425, 95%\u2009CI: 0.344 to 0.525 for the underestimated HI and OR 0.523, 95%\u2009CI: 0.391 to 0.699 for the overestimated HI) compared with those who had concordant HI. Exposure to occupational noise (OR: 0.566, 95%\u2009CI: 0.423 to 0.758) was associated with underestimated HI, and medical history of hypertension (OR: 1.501, 95%\u2009CI: 1.061 to 2.123) and depression (OR: 1.771, 95%\u2009CI: 1.041 to 3.016) was associated with overestimated HI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Age, tinnitus, occupational noise exposure, hypertension and depression should be incorporated into evaluation of hearing loss in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-022440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]],"date-time":"2019-05-02T04:35:13Z","timestamp":1556771713000},"page":"e022440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Discrepancies between self-reported hearing difficulty and hearing loss diagnosed by audiometry: prevalence and associated factors in a national survey"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ji Eun","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Il Joon","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun-Young","family":"Baek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seon Woo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang-Sun","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121409020830000_9.4.e022440.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264311425088"},{"key":"2025121409020830000_9.4.e022440.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00206099809072983"},{"key":"2025121409020830000_9.4.e022440.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000075"},{"key":"2025121409020830000_9.4.e022440.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e228","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000050","article-title":"Comparison between self-reported hearing and measured hearing thresholds of the elderly in China","volume":"35","author":"Diao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"key":"2025121409020830000_9.4.e022440.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182718","article-title":"Discrepancy between self-assessed hearing status and measured audiometric evaluation","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025121409020830000_9.4.e022440.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14992027.2011.625981"},{"key":"2025121409020830000_9.4.e022440.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e290","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000195","article-title":"Self-Reported Hearing Difficulties Among Adults With Normal Audiograms: The Beaver Dam Offspring Study","volume":"36","author":"Tremblay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"key":"2025121409020830000_9.4.e022440.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/30.6.1371"},{"key":"2025121409020830000_9.4.e022440.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1748012","article-title":"Self-reported hearing handicap and audiometric measures in older adults","volume":"11","author":"Wiley","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Acad Audiol"},{"key":"2025121409020830000_9.4.e022440.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spankovich C , Gonzalez VB , Su D , et al . 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