{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T09:38:59Z","timestamp":1766137139095,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000927","name":"Prostate Cancer Foundation of Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000927","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Actuaries Institute, Australia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop and validate a prediction model for short-term mortality in Australian men aged \u226545years, using age and self-reported health variables, for use when implementing the Australian Clinical Practice Guidelines for Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Testing and Early Management of Test-Detected Prostate Cancer. Implementation of one of the Guideline recommendations requires an estimate of 7-year mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective cohort study using questionnaire data linked to mortality data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Men aged \u226545years randomly sampled from the general population of New South Wales, Australia, participating in the 45 and Up Study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>123\u2009697 men who completed the baseline postal questionnaire (distributed from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2008) and gave informed consent for follow-up through linkage of their data to population health databases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary outcome was all-cause mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>12\u2009160 died during follow-up (median=5.9 years). Following age-adjustment, self-reported health was the strongest predictor of all-cause mortality (C-index: 0.827; 95%\u2009CI 0.824 to 0.831). Three prediction models for all-cause mortality were validated, with predictors: Model-1: age group and self-rated health; Model-2: variables common to the 45 and Up Study and the Australian Health Survey and subselected using stepwise regression and Model-3: all variables selected using stepwise regression. Final predictions calibrated well with observed all-cause mortality rates. The 90th percentile for the 7-year mortality risks ranged from 1.92% to 83.94% for ages 45\u201385 years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We developed prediction scores for short-term mortality using age and self-reported health measures and validated the scores against national mortality rates. Along with age, simple measures such as self-rated health, which can be easily obtained without physical examination, were strong predictors of all-cause mortality in the 45 and Up Study. Seven-year mortality risk estimates from Model-3 suggest that the impact of the mortality risk prediction tool on men\u2019s decision making would be small in the recommended age (50\u201369\u2009years) for PSA testing, but it may discourage testing at older ages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-022613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,14]],"date-time":"2018-12-14T12:10:44Z","timestamp":1544789444000},"page":"e022613","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Predicting 7-year mortality for use with evidence-based guidelines for Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) testing: findings from a large prospective study of 123\u2009697 Australian men"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0718-6368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grace","family":"Joshy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Banks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia"},{"name":"Sax Institute, Haymarket, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Lowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rory","family":"Wolfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonie","family":"Tickle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Finance and Actuarial Studies, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Clements","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121409222804000_8.12.e022613.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M13-2867"},{"key":"2025121409222804000_8.12.e022613.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14089","article-title":"Comparing prognostic tools for cancer screening: considerations for clinical practice and performance assessment","volume":"64","author":"Pollack","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2025121409222804000_8.12.e022613.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgo.2012.02.003","article-title":"Remaining Life Expectancy Measurement and PSA Screening of Older Men","volume":"3","author":"Kotwal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Geriatr Oncol"},{"key":"2025121409222804000_8.12.e022613.4","unstructured":"Prostate Cancer Foundation of Australia and Cancer Council Australia PSA Testing Guidelines Expert Advisory Panel. 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