{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T18:48:24Z","timestamp":1778352504728,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Many researchers have expected pioglitazone to serve as an effective neuroprotective agent against Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). Therefore, we conducted this cohort study to investigate the association between pioglitazone use and PD by using a large Asian population-based dataset in Taiwan.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective cohort study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Taiwan.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>7906 patients with diabetes who had received pioglitazone were defined as the study cohort, and 7906 matched patients with diabetes who had not received pioglitazone were defined as the comparison cohort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>We tracked each patient individually over a 5-year follow-up period to identify those diagnosed as having PD during this period. We performed Cox proportional hazard regression analyses to evaluate the HRs for PD between the study and comparison cohorts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings indicated that among the sampled patients, PD occurred in 257 (1.63%): 119 (1.51%) pioglitazone users and 138 (1.75%) non-users. The adjusted HR for PD within the follow-up period was 0.90 (95% CI: 0.68 to 1.18) in the patients who had received pioglitazone compared with the matched patients who had not received pioglitazone. Moreover, this study revealed that pioglitazone use was not associated with PD incidence in men (HR: 1.06, 95%\u2009CI: 0.71 to 1.59) or women (HR: 0.84, 95%\u2009CI: 0.61 to 1.15).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study did not find the relationship between pioglitazone use and PD incidence, regardless of sex, among an Asian population of patients with diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-023302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,29]],"date-time":"2018-08-29T14:29:36Z","timestamp":1535552976000},"page":"e023302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Pioglitazone use and Parkinson\u2019s disease: a retrospective cohort study in Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Hsiu-Feng","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li-Ting","family":"Kao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jui-Hu","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui-Han","family":"Kao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Ching","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I-Hsun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0209-240X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Senyeong","family":"Kao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051713441000000_8.8.e023302.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25955","article-title":"Living and dying with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"29","author":"Ross","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2024051713441000000_8.8.e023302.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25945"},{"key":"2024051713441000000_8.8.e023302.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2741\/S415","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease: a review","volume":"6","author":"Beitz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"key":"2024051713441000000_8.8.e023302.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61393-3"},{"key":"2024051713441000000_8.8.e023302.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.3.3.209","article-title":"Psychotic symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease: pathophysiology and management","volume":"3","author":"Bosboom","year":"2004","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"2024051713441000000_8.8.e023302.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.27.12part2.155S"},{"key":"2024051713441000000_8.8.e023302.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.06.001","article-title":"Quality of life in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients with motor fluctuations and dyskinesias in five European countries","volume":"20","author":"Hechtner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"2024051713441000000_8.8.e023302.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-130282","article-title":"Freezing of gait and falls in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"4","author":"Okuma","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"2024051713441000000_8.8.e023302.9","first-page":"267","article-title":"Parkinson disease: an update","volume":"87","author":"Gazewood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2024051713441000000_8.8.e023302.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100003218","article-title":"Treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Martin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2024051713441000000_8.8.e023302.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.02.047"},{"key":"2024051713441000000_8.8.e023302.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-S062"},{"key":"2024051713441000000_8.8.e023302.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/18715273113126660155"},{"key":"2024051713441000000_8.8.e023302.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2014.03.019"},{"key":"2024051713441000000_8.8.e023302.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Pablo-Fernandez E , Goldacre R , Pakpoor J , et al . 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