{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T12:12:30Z","timestamp":1767183150299,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Leptospirosis is the most common zoonotic disease that causes morbidity and mortality worldwide. The disease can cause sporadic epidemics and recent epidemics have become more apparent in urban localities. There is lack of documented evidence on the specific risk factors of leptospirosis infection among the urbanites, thereby impeding initiatives for prevention in urban settings. We aim to systematically search published articles and synthesise evidence on the risk factors associated with leptospirosis infection among the susceptible populations in urban localities, particularly to identify the risk factors of non-recreational leptospirosis infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We will conduct a systematic review of observational studies that investigated environmental risk factors of leptospirosis in urban localities. The search will be performed for any eligible articles from selected electronic databases from 1970 until May 2018. The study will include any studies that investigated risk factors of confirmed leptospirosis cases who acquired the infection in urban locality, particularly exposures from the non-recreational and non-water-related activities. Study selection and reporting will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guideline. All data will be extracted using a standardised data extraction form and quality of the studies will be assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale guideline. Descriptive and meta-analysis will be performed by calculating the standardised median ORs and risk ratios for types of the non-recreational risk factors stratified by social, living conditions and environmental exposures, types of reservoirs and transmissions and types of activities and employments associated with leptospirosis infection in urban locality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No primary data will be collected thus no formal ethical approval is required. The results will be disseminated though a peer-reviewed publication and conference presentation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRD42018090820.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-023359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]],"date-time":"2019-01-22T08:24:51Z","timestamp":1548145491000},"page":"e023359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Environmental risk factors of leptospirosis in urban settings: a systematic review protocol"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2750-5792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd Hatta","family":"Abdul Mutalip","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Communicable Disease Research, Institute for Public Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohd Amierul Fikri","family":"Mahmud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Communicable Disease Research, Institute for Public Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noor Aliza","family":"Lodz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Communicable Disease Research, Institute for Public Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norzawati","family":"Yoep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Communicable Disease Research, Institute for Public Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eida Nurhadzira","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Communicable Disease Research, Institute for Public Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahzairin","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Non-Communicable Disease Research, Institute for Public Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohd Hazrin","family":"Hashim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Communicable Disease Research, Institute for Public Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nor Asiah","family":"Muhamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Communicable Disease Research, Institute for Public Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121411551164000_9.1.e023359.1","first-page":"239","article-title":"Leptospirosis\u2013current risk factors connected with human activity and the environment","volume":"20","author":"Wasi\u0144ski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2025121411551164000_9.1.e023359.2","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45059-8_5"},{"key":"2025121411551164000_9.1.e023359.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003898","article-title":"Global morbidity and mortality of leptospirosis: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Costa","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2025121411551164000_9.1.e023359.4","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00830-2"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2025121411551164000_9.1.e023359.5","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002865"},{"key":"2025121411551164000_9.1.e023359.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002902","article-title":"Epidemiology of leptospira transmitted by rodents in southeast Asia","volume":"8","author":"Cosson","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2025121411551164000_9.1.e023359.7","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.2.296-326.2001"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barragan V , Olivas S , Keim P , et al . 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