{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T07:24:56Z","timestamp":1789802696498,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","funder":[{"name":"Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Improved medicines\u2019 management could lead to real and sustainable improvements to the care of older adults. The overuse of mental health medicines has featured in many reports, and insufficient patient monitoring has been identified as an important cause of medicine-related harms. Nurse-led monitoring using the structured adverse drug reaction (ADRe) profile identifies and addresses the adverse effects of mental health medicines. Our study investigates clinical impact and what is needed to sustain utilisation in routine practice in care homes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This process evaluation will use interviews and observations with the participants of all five homes involved in earlier research, and five newly recruited homes caring for people prescribed mental health medicines. The ADRe profile is implemented by nurses, within existing resources, to check for signs and symptoms of ADRs, initiate amelioration and share findings with pharmacists and prescribers for medication review. Outcome measures are the numbers and nature of problems addressed and understanding of changes needed to optimise clinical gain and sustain implementation. Data will be collected by 30 observations and 30 semistructured interviews. Clinical gains will be described and narrated. Interview analysis will be based on the constant comparative method.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ethical approval was conferred by the National Health Service Wales Research Ethics Committee. If the ADRe profile can be sustained in routine practice, it has potential to (1) improve the lives of patients, for example, by reducing pain and sedation, and (2) assist in early identification of problems caused by ADRs. Therefore, in addition to peer-reviewed publications and conferences, we shall communicate our findings to healthcare professionals, policy-makers and sector regulators.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"NCT03110471\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\">NCT03110471<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-023377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,29]],"date-time":"2018-09-29T02:53:39Z","timestamp":1538189619000},"page":"e023377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Nurse-led medicines\u2019 monitoring in care homes study protocol: a process evaluation of the impact and sustainability of the adverse drug reaction (ADRe) profile for mental health medicines"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"8","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct03110471","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"Sue","family":"Jordan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Banner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Gabe-Walters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane M","family":"Mikhail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Round","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherrill","family":"Snelgrove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mel","family":"Storey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.1","unstructured":"WHO. WHO launches global effort to halve medication-related errors in 5 years. Geneva\/ Bonn, 2017. (accessed 20 Aug 2017)."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2834.2011.01204.x","article-title":"Adverse drug reactions: treatment burdens and nurse-led medication monitoring","volume":"19","author":"Gabe","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Nurs Manag"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs-2011-000643"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2005.30390.x"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.09.018"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03500.x"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.329.7456.15"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.8","unstructured":"NICE Medicines and Prescribing Centre. Medicines optimisation: the safe and effective use of medicines to enable the best possible outcomes. NICE guideline. London: NICE, 2015. (accessed 20 Aug 2017)."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.9","unstructured":"Frontier Economic. Exploring the costs of unsafe care in the NHS: a report prepared for The Department of Health. 2014 http:\/\/www.frontier-economics.com\/documents\/2014\/10\/exploring-the-costs-of-unsafe-care-in-the-nhs-frontier-report-2-2-2-2.pdf (accessed 20 Aug 2017)."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.10","unstructured":"WHO. WHO Patient Safety Research . 2009 http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/70145\/1\/WHO_IER_PSP_2009.10_eng.pdf (accessed 20 August 2017)."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073166","article-title":"Prevalence and perceived preventability of self-reported adverse drug events \u2013 a population-based survey of 7099 adults","volume":"8","author":"Hakkarainen","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afu062"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.13","unstructured":"Banerjee S . The use of antipsychotic medication for people with dementia:time for action. A report for the Minister of State for Care Services. An Independent Report Commissioned for the Department of Health 2009 http:\/\/webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/20130104175837\/http:\/\/www.dh.gov.uk\/prod_consum_dh\/groups\/dh_digitalassets\/documents\/digitalasset\/dh_108302.pdf (accessed 20 August 2017)."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.14","unstructured":"Bradley P , Willson A , Buss P , et al ; Achieving prudent healthcare in NHS Wales Wales: Public Health Wales, 2014. Available from. http:\/\/www.1000livesplus.wales.nhs.uk\/sitesplus\/documents\/1011\/Achieving%20prudent%20healthcare%20in%20NHS%20Wales%20paper%20Revised%20version%20%28FINAL%29.pdf. (accessed 20 August 2017)."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2015.12.013","article-title":"Adverse drug reactions in elderly patients with cognitive disorders: A systematic review","volume":"85","author":"Kanagaratnam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40266-015-0287-4"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/13814788.2017.1288211","article-title":"Prevalence of inappropriate medication use in residential long-term care facilities for the elderly: A systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Storms","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Gen Pract"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.18","unstructured":"Jordan S . The prescription drug guide for nurses. McGraw-Hill: Maidenhead: Open University Press, 2008."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140203","article-title":"Nurse-Led medicines' monitoring for patients with dementia in care homes: a pragmatic cohort stepped wedge cluster randomised trial","volume":"10","author":"Jordan","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hsdr04270","article-title":"Characterising the nature of primary care patient safety incident reports in the England and Wales National reporting and learning system: a mixed-methods agenda-setting study for general practice","volume":"4","author":"Carson-Stevens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Services and Delivery Research"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2002.02205.x"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2002.02064.x"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/843621","article-title":"Medication monitoring for people with dementia in care homes: the feasibility and clinical impact of nurse-led monitoring","volume":"2014","author":"Jordan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scientific World Journal"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.7748\/ns.2016.e10447","article-title":"Nurse-led medicines monitoring: a study examining the effects of the West Wales Adverse Drug Reaction Profile","volume":"31","author":"Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nurs Stand"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.25","unstructured":"Older people\u2019s Commissioner for Wales. Older People\u2019s Commissioner for Wales. A place to call home. 2014 (accessed 20 Aug 2017)."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.26","unstructured":"Thomas S , Banner T . Improving Medicines Use for Care Home Residents. Wales, Cardiff: Royal Pharmaceutical Society. (accessed 03 Apr 2018)."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.27","unstructured":"Francis R . Report of the Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust Public Inquiry. London: The Stationery Office, 2013. (accessed 20 Aug 2017)."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.28","unstructured":"Andrews J , Butler M . Trusted to Care. An independent Review of the Princess of Wales Hospital and Neath Port Talbot Hospital at Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board People: Dementia Services Development Centre, the People Organisation, 2014. (accessed 20 Aug 2017)."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.13215","article-title":"Medication appropriateness tool for co-morbid health conditions in dementia: consensus recommendations from a multidisciplinary expert panel","volume":"46","author":"Page","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp09X473295"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4072"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-11-16"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2007.03071.x"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alldred DP , Raynor DK , Hughes C , et al . Interventions to optimise prescribing for older people in care homes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013:CD009095.doi:10.1002\/14651858.CD009095.pub2","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009095.pub2"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.35","unstructured":"Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, 2012. Antipsychotics: initiative to reduce prescribing to older people with dementia. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/drug-safety-update\/antipsychotics-initiative-to-reduce-prescribing-to-older-people-with-dementia (accessed 20 Aug 2017)."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009882","article-title":"Antipsychotic prescribing in care homes before and after launch of a national dementia strategy: an observational study in English institutions over a 4-year period","volume":"6","author":"Szczepura","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.37","unstructured":"Flynn M . The Flynn Report: in search of accountability. Cardiff: Welsh Government, 2015. (accessed 20 Aug 2017)."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.38","unstructured":"All Wales Medicines Strategy Group, 2015. All Wales policy for medicines administration, recording, review, storage and disposal. http:\/\/www.awmsg.org\/docs\/awmsg\/medman\/All%20Wales%20Policy%20for%20Medicines%20Administration,%20Recording,%20Review,%20Storage%20and%20Disposal.pdf (accessed 20 Aug 2017)."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0897190015579451"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.40","first-page":"CD006727","article-title":"Continuation and maintenance treatments for depression in older people","volume":"9","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096682","article-title":"Medication monitoring in a nurse-led respiratory outpatient clinic: pragmatic randomised trial of the west wales adverse drug reaction profile","volume":"9","author":"Gabe","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h1258"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1108\/JHOM-07-2014-0117","article-title":"Sustaining organizational culture change in health systems","volume":"30","author":"Willis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Health Organ Manag"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.44","unstructured":"European Commission Objective 1. Supporting development in less prosperous regions: European Commission, 2008. (accessed 04 Aug 2012)."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.45","unstructured":"Statistics Wales. Population estimates by local health boards and age Wales: Welsh Government, 2015. (accessed 03 Apr 2018)."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.46","unstructured":"Regulation and Inspection of Social Care (Wales) Act, 2016. An Act of the National Assembly for Wales https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/anaw\/2016\/2\/contents (accessed 03 Apr 2018)."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.47","unstructured":"2002. The Care Homes (Wales) Regulations http:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/wsi\/2002\/324\/contents\/made (accessed 03 Apr 2018)."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2000.01552.x"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1-","DOI":"10.3310\/hta2160","article-title":"Qualitative research methods in health technology assessment: a review of the literature","volume":"2","author":"Murphy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.7748\/nr2004.07.12.1.7.c5927","article-title":"Sampling issues in qualitative research","volume":"12","author":"Higginbottom","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nurse Res"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.1998.00611.x","article-title":"Using bioscience knowledge in nursing: actions, interactions and reactions","volume":"27","author":"Jordan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.52","first-page":"39","article-title":"Community teamwork is key to monitoring the side-effects of medication","volume":"96","author":"Jordan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nurs Times"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732315617444","article-title":"Sample size in qualitative interview studies: guided by information power","volume":"26","author":"Malterud","year":"2015","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1080\/13645579.2015.1005453","article-title":"Supporting thinking on sample sizes for thematic analyses: a quantitative tool","volume":"18","author":"Fugard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Soc Res Methodol"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.1999.01176.x"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-7657.2004.00251.x"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talbot J , Keisu M , Stahle L . Clinical trials \u2013 Collecting safety data and establishing the ADR Profile. In: Talbot J , Aronson JK , eds. Stephens\u2019 detection and evaluation of adverse drug reactions. 6th edn. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470975053.ch4"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aronson JK . Meyler\u2019s Side Effects of Drugs. In: The International Encyclopaedia of adverse drug reactions and interactions. 16th edn. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 2015.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-62635-6.09983-6"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.59","unstructured":"Taylor D , Paton C , Kapur S . The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry. 12th\u00a0edn. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2015."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.60","unstructured":"Welsh Government. Welsh Government Statutory guidance for service providers and responsible individuals on meeting service standard regulations. Cardiff: Welsh Government, 2017. (accessed 20 Aug 2017)."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-016-0352-z","article-title":"Mental health pharmacists views on shared decision-making for antipsychotics in serious mental illness","volume":"38","author":"Younas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharm"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.62","unstructured":"Joint Formulary Committee. British National Formulary. London: BMJ Group and Pharmaceutical Press. (accessed on 03 Apr 2018)."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.63","unstructured":"Uppsala Monitoring Centre. The use of the WHO_UMC system for standardised case causality assessment. https:\/\/www.who-umc.org\/media\/2768\/standardised-case-causality-assessment.pdf (accessed 20 Mar 2018)."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.2014.44"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172830","article-title":"Interrater agreement of two adverse drug reaction causality assessment methods: a randomised comparison of the liverpool adverse drug reaction causality assessment tool and the world health organization-uppsala monitoring centre system","volume":"12","author":"Mouton","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.66","first-page":"1050","article-title":"Adverse drug reactions, nursing and policy: a narrative review","volume":"3","author":"Jordan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annals of Nursing and Practice"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.67","first-page":"CD009095","article-title":"Interventions to optimise prescribing for older people in care homes","volume":"16","author":"Alldred","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.68","first-page":"CD008165","article-title":"Interventions to improve the appropriate use of polypharmacy for older people","volume":"19","author":"Patterson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.05.060"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867415608244","article-title":"Antipsychotic medication side effect assessment tools: a systematic review","volume":"50","author":"Stomski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.12387","article-title":"Transformational leadership in nursing and medication safety education: a discussion paper","volume":"24","author":"Vaismoradi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nurs Manag"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.107631"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.4236\/ojpsych.2014.42020","article-title":"Improving the appropriateness of antipsychotic prescribing for Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD): a pilot study of the Psychotropic Use Monitoring (PUM) Program","volume":"04","author":"Yap","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open J Psychiatr"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-017-0426-3","article-title":"Supporting clinical rules engine in the adjustment of medication (SCREAM): protocol of a multicentre, prospective, randomised study","volume":"17","author":"Mestres Gonzalvo","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-017-0418-3","article-title":"Effect of training and structured medication review on medication appropriateness in nursing home residents and on cooperation between health care professionals: the InTherAKT study protocol","volume":"17","author":"Mahlknecht","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.76","unstructured":"Silverman D . Interpreting qualitative data. 73. 4th edn. London: Sage Publicatons, 2011."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-017-0560-5","article-title":"Methods for designing interventions to change healthcare professionals\u2019 behaviour: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Colquhoun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6423","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201502386","article-title":"Cut-and-paste\u00a0manufacture of multiparametric epidermal sensor systems","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv Mater"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.79","unstructured":"Smith G , Cantley C . Assessing health care: a study in organisational evaluation. Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1985."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.80","unstructured":"Glaser B , Strauss A . The discovery of grounded theory. Chicago: Aldine, 1967."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corbin J , Strauss A . Basics of qualitative research: techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. 3rd edn. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2008.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452230153"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.82","first-page":"80","article-title":"Triangulation 2.0","volume":"6","author":"Denzin","year":"2012","journal-title":"JMMR"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.83","unstructured":"NHS Health Research Authority (HRA). Defining Research. London: HRA, 2016. (accessed 03 Apr 2018)."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e5661"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001346","article-title":"The Ottawa statement on the ethical design and conduct of cluster randomized trials","volume":"9","author":"Weijer","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f2838"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003057","article-title":"Consent processes in cluster-randomised trials in residential facilities for older adults: a systematic review of reporting practices and proposed guidelines","volume":"3","author":"DiazOrdaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.88","unstructured":"Council of International Organisations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS)). International ethical guidelines for biomedical research involving human subjects. Geneva, Switzerland: CIOMS, 2002. (accessed 09 Jun 2017)."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.89","unstructured":"Department of Health (DoH). An organisation with a memory: report of an expert group on learning from adverse events in the NHS. London: HMSO, 2000."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.90","unstructured":"Department of Health (DoH). Medicines and older people: national service framework. London: HMSO, 2001."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.91","unstructured":"Audit Commission. A spoonful of sugar: medicines management in NHS hospitals. London: Audit Commission, 2001."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.92","unstructured":"National Audit Office\u00a0(NAO). A Safer place for patients: learning to improve patient safety. London: HMSO, 2005."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.93","unstructured":"Medical Research Council (MRC). Ethics Guide Medical research involving adults who cannot consent. London: MRC, 2007. (accessed 20 Aug 2017)."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.94","unstructured":"The Stationery Office, 2005. Mental capacity act. http:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/2005\/9\/contents (accessed 20 Aug 2007)."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.95","unstructured":"NMC. The code: Professional standards of practice and behaviour for nurses and midwives. London: NMC, 2015. (accessed 20 Aug 2017)."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.96","unstructured":"The Stationery Office, 1998. Data protection act. http:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/1998\/29\/contents (accessed 20 Aug 2017)."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.97","unstructured":"Welsh Assembly Government. Health and Social Care, Wales, Research Governance Framework for Health & Care Research. 2nd edn. Wales, Cardiff: Welsh Assembly Government, 2010. (accessed 20 Aug 2017)."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/520609a"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.99","first-page":"2079","article-title":"A systematic review of the prevalence and risk factors for adverse drug reactions in the elderly in the acute care setting","volume":"9","author":"Alhawassi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-015-0281-0","article-title":"Epidemiology of adverse drug reactions in europe: a review of recent observational studies","volume":"38","author":"Bouvy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.8254","article-title":"Clinicians\u2019 expectations of the benefits and harms of treatments, screening, and tests","volume":"177","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.03.047","article-title":"Antipsychotic medication, sedation and mental clouding: An observational study of psychiatric consultations","volume":"65","author":"Seale","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-012-0581-y","article-title":"Communication about adherence to long-term antipsychotic prescribing: an observational study of psychiatric practice","volume":"48","author":"Quirk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-010-0320-1","article-title":"Adverse effects of antipsychotic drugs: survey of doctors\u2019 versus patients\u2019 perspective","volume":"47","author":"Nos\u00e8","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2009.06.003","article-title":"Assessing the prevalence of modifiable risk factors in older patients visiting an ED due to a fall using the carefall triage instrument","volume":"28","author":"van Nieuwenhuizen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11631760-000000000-00000"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-10-45"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.13327","article-title":"Anticholinergic medications and risk of community-acquired pneumonia in elderly adults: a population-based case-control study","volume":"63","author":"Paul","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-007-0283-7","article-title":"Adverse drug effects in elderly people \u2013 a disparity between clinical examination and adverse effects self-reported by the patient","volume":"63","author":"Lampela","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Britten N . Adverse Drug Reactions: Societal Considerations. In: Talbot J , Aronson JK , eds. Stephens\u2019 Detection and Evaluation of Adverse Drug Reactions. 6th edn. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012:573\u201384.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470975053.ch11"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(79)90012-2"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1054\/nedt.2002.0756","article-title":"Pre-registration nurse education in pharmacology: is it adequate for the roles that nurses are expected to fulfil?","volume":"22","author":"Morrison-Griffiths","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nurse Educ Today"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.113","unstructured":"Care Quality Commission. The State of Health Care and Adult Social Care in England 2013-14: Care Quality Commission, 2014. (accessed 20 Aug 2017)."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.114","unstructured":"Care Quality Commission The state of adult social care services 2014 to 2017. Findings from CQC\u2019s initial programme of comprehensive inspections in adult social care. Newcastle: Care Quality Commission, 2017. (accessed 20 Aug 2017)."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.500","article-title":"Pharmacists' and general practitioners' pharmacology knowledge and pharmacotherapy skills","volume":"55","author":"Keijsers","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1547-5069.2011.01386.x"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-14-72"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-015-1839-6","article-title":"The impact of a changed legislation on reporting of adverse drug reactions in Sweden, with focus on nurses\u2019 reporting","volume":"71","author":"Karlsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002127"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2017.1325463","article-title":"Methods for safety signal detection in healthcare databases: a literature review","volume":"16","author":"Arnaud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200629050-00003"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200730100-00007"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3622","article-title":"Notoriety bias in a database of spontaneous reports: the example of osteonecrosis of the jaw under bisphosphonate therapy in the French national pharmacovigilance database","volume":"23","author":"de Boissieu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raine JWL , Talbot J , Aronson JK . Proactive Pharmacovigilance and risk management. In: Talbot J , Aronson JK , eds. Stephens\u2019 Detection and Evaluation of Adverse Drug Reactions. 6th edn. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012:389\u2013410.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470975053.ch7"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.125","unstructured":"The European Network of Centres for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance (ENCePP). Guide on Methodological Standards in Pharmacoepidemiology. 6: European Medicines Agency, 2017."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13197","article-title":"A systematic review of the outcomes reported in trials of medication review in older patients: the need for a core outcome set","volume":"83","author":"Beuscart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001431.pub5"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002574","article-title":"Cost of illness of patient-reported adverse drug events: a population-based cross-sectional survey","volume":"3","author":"Gyllensten","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.129","unstructured":"Aitken MV S . Avoidable costs in US Healthcare. Parsippany, NJ, USA: IMS Institute of Healthcare Informatics, 2013. (accessed 20 Aug 2017)."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092061","article-title":"Economic impact of adverse drug events \u2013 a retrospective population-based cohort Study of 4970 Adults","volume":"9","author":"Gyllensten","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2010.10.024"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2016.05.001","article-title":"The direct costs of fatal and non-fatal falls among older adults \u2014 United States","volume":"58","author":"Burns","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Safety Res"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2762"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ballard C , Orrell M , Sun Y , et al . Impact of antipsychotic review and non-pharmacological intervention on health-related quality of life in people with dementia living in care homes: WHELD-a factorial cluster randomised controlled trial. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2017;32.doi:10.1002\/gps.4572","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4572"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-017-2369-1","article-title":"The use of an electronic clinical rule to discontinue chronically used benzodiazepines and related Z drugs","volume":"74","author":"Mestres Gonzalvo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-017-0602-z","article-title":"Improving the appropriateness of antipsychotic prescribing in nursing homes: a mixed-methods process evaluation of an academic detailing intervention","volume":"12","author":"Desveaux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Implementation Science"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12975","article-title":"The feasibility and effect of deprescribing in older adults on mortality and health: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"82","author":"Page","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2045125315588032"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006135","article-title":"Prescribing of antipsychotics in UK primary care: a cohort study","volume":"4","author":"Marston","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.140","first-page":"436","article-title":"Deprescribing: a simple method for reducing polypharmacy","volume":"66","author":"McGrath","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Fam Pract"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.141","unstructured":"Welsh Government. National minimum standards for care home for older people. Cardiff: Welsh Government, 2004. (accessed 20 Aug 2017)."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.101402"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4322","article-title":"Helping staff to implement psychosocial interventions in care homes: augmenting existing practices and meeting needs for support","volume":"31","author":"Lawrence","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-016-0531-2","article-title":"Process evaluation of the data-driven quality improvement in primary care (DQIP) trial: active and less active ingredients of a multi-component complex intervention to reduce high-risk primary care prescribing","volume":"12","author":"Grant","year":"2017","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067912","article-title":"Volunteer bias in recruitment, retention, and blood sample donation in a randomised controlled trial involving mothers and their children at six months and two years: a longitudinal analysis","volume":"8","author":"Jordan","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S146613","article-title":"Prescribing of psychotropic medication for nursing home residents with dementia: a general practitioner survey","volume":"12","author":"Cousins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-954X.1983.tb00387.x"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-015-1848-5","article-title":"Resident and nurse reports of potential adverse drug reactions","volume":"71","author":"Dilles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.149","first-page":"112","article-title":"How well are the diagnosis and symptoms of dementia recorded in older patients admitted to hospital?","volume":"46","author":"Crowther","year":"2017","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.150","unstructured":"WHO, 2017. Medication without harm. http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/255263\/1\/WHO-HIS-SDS-2017.6-eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1 (accessed 20 Aug 2017)."},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/qshc.2007.023622"},{"key":"2025121221232478000_8.9.e023377.152","unstructured":"Care Quality Commission, 2016. Regulation 12: Safe care and treatment. Health and Social Care Act 2008 (Regulated Activities) Regulations 2014. http:\/\/www.cqc.org.uk\/content\/regulation-12-safe-care-and-treatment#guidance-links (accessed 20 Aug 2017)."}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-023377","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T05:23:45Z","timestamp":1765603425000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-023377"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"references-count":152,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-023377"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-023377","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}}}