{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T22:39:43Z","timestamp":1782513583231,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005872","name":"Bahir Dar University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005872","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective of this study is to assess the determinants of BCG vaccination in Ethiopia from 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Since Ethiopia has nine regional states and two administrative cities, sample was taken from all the divisions. The population-based sample was intended to provide estimates of key indicators for the country.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participant<\/jats:title><jats:p>The sampling frame used for the 2016 EDHS is the Ethiopia Population and Housing Census. From 15\u2009683 women recorded in EDHS dataset, women with no child (n=10\u2009379) were excluded from the study. Therefore, the total sample size for this study was 5304 women. The outcome variable was BCG immunisation status of children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Result<\/jats:title><jats:p>Out of the study participants (n=5304), the majority were in between 20 and 34 years of age (73.8%). The median age of the respondents was 28.4 (SD=\u00b16.5) years old. Prevalence of BCG vaccination was 63.6% (n=3373) and BCG vaccination coverage in urban residents was higher (88%) than rural residents (57.3%). Mothers\u2019 age between 20 up to 34 (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=1.48; 95%\u2009CI: 1.13 to 1.93) and between 35 up to 49 (AOR=1.83; 95%\u2009CI: 1.35 to 2.46) were more likely to vaccinate their child\u2019s than those mothers\u2019 age less than 20. Mothers settled in urban areas were two times more likely to vaccinate their child\u2019s than those living in rural areas (AOR=1.94; 95%\u2009CI: 1.45 to 2.60). Mothers with greater antenatal visits show higher BCG vaccination, Antenatal Care (ANC) 4 and above (AOR=3.48; 95%\u2009CI: 2.91 to 4.15). BCG vaccination is higher for mothers delivered at non-governmental organisation health facility than home (AOR=2.9; 95%\u2009CI: 1.69 to 4.96). Maternal occupation and wealth index also had a significant association with BCG vaccination.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>BCG vaccination coverage, in this study, was lower and determinant factors for BCG vaccination were residence, mother\u2019s age, place of delivery, mother\u2019s antenatal visit, wealth index and mother\u2019s occupation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-023634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]],"date-time":"2019-02-22T11:32:53Z","timestamp":1550835173000},"page":"e023634","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Determinants of BCG vaccination coverage in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional survey"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Asmamaw Ketemaw","family":"Tsehay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1093-3536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Getasew Tadesse","family":"Worku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3145-3494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yihun Mulugeta","family":"Alemu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051713583956000_9.2.e023634.1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report. 20th edn, 2016."},{"key":"2024051713583956000_9.2.e023634.2","unstructured":"Department of Economic and Social Afairs, Population Devision. World population prospects: the 2017 revision. Ethiopian population. 2018."},{"key":"2024051713583956000_9.2.e023634.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-4505-8-1"},{"key":"2024051713583956000_9.2.e023634.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2014.06.012","article-title":"Determinants of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) vaccination among Qu\u00e9bec children","volume":"66","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"2024051713583956000_9.2.e023634.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4493-3","article-title":"Determinants of complete immunization among senegalese children aged 12-23\u00a0months: evidence from the demographic and health survey","volume":"17","author":"Mbengue","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2024051713583956000_9.2.e023634.6","unstructured":"Wikipedia. Demographics of Ethiopia, 2018."},{"key":"2024051713583956000_9.2.e023634.7","unstructured":"Ethiopian population. Department of Economic and Social Afairs, Population Devision. World population prospects: the 2017 Revision. 2018."},{"key":"2024051713583956000_9.2.e023634.8","unstructured":"Central Statistical Agency (CSA) [Ethiopia] and ICF. Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2016. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: CSA and ICF, 2016."},{"key":"2024051713583956000_9.2.e023634.9","unstructured":"Wikipedia. Women\u2019s health in Ethiopia, 2017:46."},{"key":"2024051713583956000_9.2.e023634.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asuke S , Ibrahim J , Ibrahim M , et al . Survey on coverage and factors influencing delays in BCG immunization in Hayin Mallam Zango, Zaria, North Western Nigeria. Trop Med Surg 2015;3.","DOI":"10.4172\/2329-9088.1000188"},{"key":"2024051713583956000_9.2.e023634.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiptoo E . Factors Influencing low immunization coverage among children between 12 - 23 Months in East Pokot, Baringo Country, Kenya. 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Ethiopian national expanded program on immunization: comprehensive multi-year plan 2016 \u2013 2020. 2015:11."},{"key":"2024051713583956000_9.2.e023634.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2016.1151990","article-title":"Determinants of European parents\u2019 decision on the vaccination of their children against measles, mumps and rubella: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Tabacchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"2024051713583956000_9.2.e023634.17","unstructured":"Federal Ministry of Health. 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