{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T21:25:28Z","timestamp":1781645128953,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007602","name":"Programme Grants for Applied Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To estimate the population prevalence of anxiety disorders during pregnancy and investigate the diagnostic accuracy of the two-item Generalised Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-2) for a) GAD and b) any anxiety disorder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross-sectional survey using a stratified sampling design. Sampling weights were used in the analysis to adjust for the bias introduced by the stratified sampling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inner-city maternity service, South London.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>545 pregnant women were interviewed after their first antenatal appointment; 528 provided answers on the GAD-2 questions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diagnosis generated by the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (SCID).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Population prevalence of anxiety disorders was 17% (95% CI 12% to 21%): 5% (95% CI 3% to 6%) for GAD, 4% (95% CI 2% to 6%) for social phobia, 8% (95% CI 5% to 11%) for specific phobia and 2% (95% CI 1% to 4%) for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) prevalence was unclear due to higher levels of reluctance to respond to PTSD interview questions but sensitivity analyses suggest population prevalence maybe up to 4% (95% CI 2% to 6%). Weighted sensitivity of GAD-2 for GAD (cut-off \u22653) was 69%, specificity 91%, positive predictive value 26%, negative predictive value 98% and likelihood ratio 7.35. For any anxiety disorder the weighted sensitivity was 26%, specificity 91%, positive predictive value 36%, negative predictive value 87% and likelihood ratio 2.92.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anxiety disorders are common but GAD-2 generates many false positives and may therefore be unhelpful in maternity services.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-023766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,5]],"date-time":"2018-09-05T13:56:18Z","timestamp":1536155778000},"page":"e023766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Prevalence and identification of anxiety disorders in pregnancy: the diagnostic accuracy of the two-item Generalised Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-2)"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5976-1301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selina","family":"Nath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth G","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kylee","family":"Trevillion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debra","family":"Bick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill","family":"Demilew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeannette","family":"Milgrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Pickles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise M","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024051714043607000_8.9.e023766.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1359"},{"key":"2024051714043607000_8.9.e023766.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30358-3","article-title":"Why are women so vulnerable to anxiety, trauma-related and stress-related disorders? 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