{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T21:49:09Z","timestamp":1779918549998,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Heat is associated with elevated all-cause mortality, and furosemide-induced potassium depletion might be worsened by heat-induced sweating. Because empiric potassium is associated with a marked survival benefit in users of furosemide at a dose of \u226540\u2009mg\/day, we hypothesised that this empiric potassium\u2019s survival benefit would increase with higher temperature (\u226524\u00b0C).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Outpatient setting, captured by Medicaid claims, supplemented with Medicare claims for dual enrollees, from 5 US states from 1999 to 2010, linked to meteorological data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Population\/Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Furosemide (\u226540\u2009mg\/day) initiators among adults continuously enrolled in Medicaid for at least 1\u2009year prior to cohort entry (defined as the day following the dispensing day of each individual\u2019s first observed furosemide prescription).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Exposure<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Interaction between: (1) empiric potassium, dispensed the day of or the day following the dispensing of the initial furosemide prescription, and (2) daily average temperature and daily maximum temperature, examined separately.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All-cause mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 1:1 propensity score matched cohorts (total n=211\u2009878) that included 89\u2009335 person-years and 9007 deaths, all-cause mortality rates per 1000 person-years were 96.0 (95% CI 93.2 to 98.9) and 105.8 (95% CI 102.8 to 108.9) for potassium users and non-users, respectively. The adjusted OR of all-cause mortality for potassium use declined (ie, its apparent protective effect increased) as temperature increased, from a daily average temperature of about 28\u00b0C and a daily maximum temperature of about 31\u00b0C. This relationship was not statistically significant with daily average temperature, but was statistically significant with daily maximum temperature (p values for the interaction of potassium with daily maximum temperature and daily maximum temperature squared were 0.031 and 0.028, respectively).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results suggest that empiric potassium\u2019s survival benefit among furosemide (\u226540\u2009mg\/day) initiators may increase as daily maximum temperature increases. If this relationship is real, use of empiric potassium in Medicaid enrollees initiating furosemide might be particularly important on hot days.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-023809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,18]],"date-time":"2019-02-18T17:26:05Z","timestamp":1550510765000},"page":"e023809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Outdoor temperature and survival benefit of empiric potassium in users of furosemide in US Medicaid enrollees: a cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Young Hee","family":"Nam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pharmacoepidemiology Research and Training, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman of School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 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