{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T10:53:58Z","timestamp":1774954438359,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Oral lichen planus (OLP) is an idiopathic chronic mucocutaneous disease with a wide range of clinical manifestations, including white reticular patches, erosive\/ulcerative and atrophic lesions, both associated with intense symptomatology. Topical corticosteroids are commonly used as standard therapy. However, patients frequently present relapses after the discontinuation of treatment as well as developing resistance to corticosteroid therapy. Photobiomodulation (PBM) has been shown to be a potential therapeutic tool to treat inflammatory disorders, including OLP. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of PBM (660\u2009nm) with corticosteroid therapy with clobetasol propionate 0.05% for the treatment of OLP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Forty-four patients with symptomatic and histopathological diagnosis of OLP will be randomised into two experimental groups in a double-blind manner: control group (n=22): clobetasol propionate 0.05%+placebo PBM, and experimental group (n=22): PBM (\u03bb=660\u2009nm, power 100\u2009mW, radiant exposure: 177\u2009J\/cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      and 0.5J per point)+placebo\u2009gel. Laser will be applied 2\u00d7\/week for 1\u2009month and clobetasol propionate three times a day for 30 days and the same for placebo treatments. The primary variable (pain) and the secondary variables (clinical score, evaluation of functional scores, clinical resolution, OLP recurrence, quality of life and anxiety and depression) will be evaluated at the baseline, once a week during treatment (depending on the variables) and after 30 days and 60 days of follow-up. Pain will be evaluated using visual analogue scale and clinical characteristics will be scored using the Thongprasom Index. The quality of life and anxiety and depression will be evaluated by Oral Health Impact Profile-14 questionnaire and by Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale for anxiety scale, respectively. The serum and salivary levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-1\u03b2, INF-\u03b3 and tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1 will be evaluated by ELISA at baseline and at the end of treatment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This protocol was approved (#2.375.410) by the Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE) Research Ethics Committee. The data gathered using this protocol will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"NCT03320460\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\">NCT03320460<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,8]],"date-time":"2018-10-08T03:45:25Z","timestamp":1538970325000},"page":"e024083","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Efficacy of photobiomodulation on oral lichen planus: a protocol study for a double-blind, randomised controlled clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"8","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct03320460","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"},{"clinical-trial-number":"nct03320460","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"Elza Padilha","family":"Ferri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camila de Barros","family":"Gallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clery Saad","family":"Abboud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wellington Hideaki","family":"Yanaguizawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3476-9064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Carolina Ratto Tempestini","family":"Horliana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela de Fatima Teixeira da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8275-7370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christiane","family":"Pavani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra Kalil","family":"Bussadori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabio Daumas","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dntistry, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raquel Agnelli","family":"Mesquita-Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"},{"name":"Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), S\u00e3o Paulo, 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