{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T14:08:43Z","timestamp":1789049323253,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","funder":[{"name":"Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care (CLAHRC) East Midlands, NIHR"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rehabilitation interventions for older adults are complex as they involve a number of interacting components, have multiple outcomes of interest and are influenced by a number of contextual factors. The importance of rigorous intervention development prior to formal evaluation has been acknowledged and a number of frameworks have been developed. This review explored which frameworks have been used to guide the development of rehabilitation interventions for older adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systematic scoping review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies were not limited for inclusion based on setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies were included that featured older adults (&gt;65 years of age).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies were included that reported the development of a rehabilitation intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were extracted on study population, setting, type of intervention developed and frameworks used. The primary outcome of interest was the type of intervention development framework.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-five studies were included. There was a range of underlying medical conditions including mild cognitive impairment and dementia (n=5), cardiac (n=4), stroke (n=3), falls (n=3), hip fracture (n=2), diabetes (n=2), breast cancer (n=1), Parkinson\u2019s disease (n=1), depression (n=1), chronic health problems (n=1), osteoarthritis (n=1), leg ulcer (n=1), neck pain (n=1) and foot problems (n=1). The intervention types being developed included multicomponent, support based, cognitive, physical activities, nursing led, falls prevention and occupational therapy led. Twelve studies (34%) did not report using a framework. Five frameworks were reported with the Medical Research Council (MRC) framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions being the most frequently cited (77%, n=17).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At present, the MRC framework is the most popular for developing rehabilitation interventions for older adults. Many studies do not report using a framework. Further, specific guidance to assist this complex field of rehabilitation research is required.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,23]],"date-time":"2019-02-23T05:15:21Z","timestamp":1550898921000},"page":"e024185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Systematic scoping review of frameworks used to develop rehabilitation interventions for older adults"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5338-0196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicky","family":"Booth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rehabilitation and Ageing, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Hood-Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rehabilitation and Ageing, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennie E","family":"Hancox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rehabilitation and Ageing, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillipa","family":"Logan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rehabilitation and Ageing, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie R","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rehabilitation and Ageing, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121403101732000_9.2.e024185.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7058.677"},{"key":"2025121403101732000_9.2.e024185.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39108.379965.BE"},{"key":"2025121403101732000_9.2.e024185.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2015-041915"},{"key":"2025121403101732000_9.2.e024185.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h6781","article-title":"6-PACK programme to decrease fall injuries in acute hospitals: cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"352","author":"Barker","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025121403101732000_9.2.e024185.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017864","article-title":"Effects of falls prevention interventions on falls outcomes for hospitalised adults: protocol for a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Slade","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025121403101732000_9.2.e024185.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493017711815","article-title":"Improving the development, monitoring and reporting of stroke rehabilitation research: consensus-based core recommendations from the stroke recovery and rehabilitation roundtable","volume":"12","author":"Walker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"2025121403101732000_9.2.e024185.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a1655"},{"key":"2025121403101732000_9.2.e024185.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2011.08.003"},{"key":"2025121403101732000_9.2.e024185.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/109019819802500502"},{"key":"2025121403101732000_9.2.e024185.10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Six Steps In Quality Intervention Development (6SQuID)","volume":"0","author":"Wight","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"2025121403101732000_9.2.e024185.11","unstructured":"Cambridge Dictionary. 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