{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T23:57:47Z","timestamp":1785801467013,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess changes in the frequency of vitamin D testing and detection of moderate\/severe vitamin D deficiency (&lt;30\u2009nmol\/L) among adults after the introduction of new Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) rebate criteria (November 2014), and their relationship to sociodemographic and clinical characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dynamic (open) cohort study<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Primary care<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>About 1.5\u2009million \u2018active\u2019 patients aged 18+ years visiting a general practitioner and included in the National Prescribing Service MedicineInsight database.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The frequency of vitamin D testing (per 1000 consultations) and moderate\/severe vitamin D deficiency (%) recorded between October 2013 and March 2016, stratified by the release of the new MBS criteria for rebate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>More patients were female (57.7%) and 30.2% were aged 60+ years. Vitamin D testing decreased 47% (from 40.3 to 21.4 tests per 1000 consultations) after the new MBS criteria, while the proportion of tests with no indication for being performed increased from 71.3% to 76.5%. The proportion of patients identified as moderate\/severe vitamin D deficient among those tested increased from 5.4% to 6.5%. Practices located in high socioeconomic areas continued to have the highest rates of testing, but moderate\/severe vitamin D deficiency detection remained 90% more frequent in practices from low socioeconomic areas after the rebate change. Furthermore, the frequency of individuals being tested was reduced independent of the patients\u2019 sociodemographic or clinical condition, and the gap in the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency detection between those meeting or not meeting the criteria for being tested remained the same. Moderate\/severe vitamin D deficiency detection decreased slightly among patients with hyperparathyroidism or chronic renal failure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although the new criteria for rebate almost halved the frequency of vitamin D testing, it also lessened the frequency of testing among those at higher risk of deficiency, with only a small improvement in vitamin D deficiency detection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,9]],"date-time":"2019-03-09T05:14:29Z","timestamp":1552108469000},"page":"e024797","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Changes to the frequency and appropriateness of vitamin D testing after the introduction of new Medicare criteria for rebates in Australian general practice: evidence from 1.5 million patients in the NPS MedicineInsight database"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7153-2878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Gonzalez-Chica","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of General Practice, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"},{"name":"Adelaide Rural Clinical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9018-0361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nigel","family":"Stocks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of General Practice, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121219533721000_9.3.e024797.1","first-page":"1145","article-title":"Vitamin D: Current Guidelines and Future Outlook","volume":"38","author":"Pilz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"2025121219533721000_9.3.e024797.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.01.021","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation guidelines","volume":"175","author":"Pludowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"2025121219533721000_9.3.e024797.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10040493","article-title":"Clinical Management of Low Vitamin D: A Scoping Review of Physicians' Practices","volume":"10","author":"Rockwell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2025121219533721000_9.3.e024797.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-009-0954-6"},{"key":"2025121219533721000_9.3.e024797.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0180512","article-title":"Non-skeletal health effects of vitamin D supplementation: A systematic review on findings from meta-analyses summarizing trial data","volume":"12","author":"Rejnmark","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025121219533721000_9.3.e024797.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2011.04320.x"},{"key":"2025121219533721000_9.3.e024797.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nbu.12108"},{"key":"2025121219533721000_9.3.e024797.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.20731"},{"key":"2025121219533721000_9.3.e024797.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja11.10301"},{"key":"2025121219533721000_9.3.e024797.10","unstructured":"NPS. 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