{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:05:42Z","timestamp":1790701542353,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001505","name":"Health Research Council of New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Testicular cancer (TC) is by far the most common cancer to affect young men; however, the exposures that cause this disease are still poorly understood. Our own research has shown that M\u0101ori men have the highest rates of this disease in New Zealand\u2014a puzzling observation, since internationally TC is most commonly a disease of men of European ancestry. These trends provide us with a unique opportunity: to learn more about the currently unknown exposures that cause TC, and to explain why M\u0101ori have the highest rates of this disease in New Zealand. Using epidemiology and genetics, our experienced research team will conduct a nationwide study which aims to answer these internationally important questions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim of study<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The overall aim of the current national case\u2013control study is to identify the key exposures in the development of TC in New Zealand, and explore which factors might explain the difference in the incidence of TC between M\u0101ori and non-M\u0101ori.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Outside of our own investigations into cryptorchidism, we still do not know which exposures are driving the significant incidence disparity between ethnic groups in NZ. The aim of the proposed research is to use a population-based case\u2013control study to identify the key exposures in the development of TC in New Zealand. We will recruit 410 TC cases and 410 controls, and collect (1) environmental exposure data, via interview and (2) genetic information, via genome-wide genotyping.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ethical approval for this study was sought and received from the New Zealand Ministry of Health\u2019s Health and Disability Ethics Committee (reference # 17\/NTA\/248). Following a careful data interpretation process, we will disseminate the findings of this study to a wide and varied audience ranging from general academia, community groups and clinical settings, as well as to the participants themselves.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,6]],"date-time":"2018-08-06T01:56:03Z","timestamp":1533520563000},"page":"e025212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Testicular Cancer in New Zealand (TCNZ) study: protocol for a national case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Jason K","family":"Gurney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer and Chronic Conditions (C3) Research Group, Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8572-1047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Stanley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer and Chronic Conditions (C3) Research Group, Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"McGlynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Richiardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony R","family":"Merriman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bridget","family":"Robson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Koea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Waitemata District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"McLeod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin A","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Sarfati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer and Chronic Conditions (C3) Research Group, Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121510192568000_8.8.e025212.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2010.196"},{"key":"2025121510192568000_8.8.e025212.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000053866.68623.da"},{"key":"2025121510192568000_8.8.e025212.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25486","article-title":"Ethnic and socioeconomic trends in testicular cancer","volume":"128","author":"Sarfati","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Cancer"},{"key":"2025121510192568000_8.8.e025212.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-10-0031"},{"key":"2025121510192568000_8.8.e025212.5","first-page":"561","article-title":"Obscure etiology, unusual disparity: the epidemiology of testicular cancer in New Zealand","volume":"26","author":"Gurney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"2025121510192568000_8.8.e025212.6","unstructured":"McGlynn KA , Cook MB . 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