{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T06:17:10Z","timestamp":1763705830552,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is challenging in the intensive care unit (ICU). Although pharmacotherapy for ARDS has gained increasing attention, most trials have yielded negative results. Patients with ARDS have usually been recruited as subjects; the inflammatory reaction has already expanded into a cascade at this point, and its severity is sufficient to damage the lung parenchyma. This raises the question of whether early treatment can prevent ARDS and the associated lung injury. We hypothesise that ARDS is preventable in high-risk patients by administration of ulinastatin as an anti-inflammatory drug before ARDS onset, and we are performing a study to test ulinastatin, a protease inhibitor, versus treatment-as-usual in a group of patients at increased risk for ARDS.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This report presents the protocol for a multicentre, randomised, conventional treatment-controlled, parallel group study to prevent the development of ARDS using ulinastatin in high-risk patients. The study population will comprise patients at risk of ARDS in the ICU (\u226518 years of age and Lung Injury Prediction Score of &gt;4); patients with confirmed ARDS and some other conditions (immunodeficiency, use of some drugs, etc.) will be excluded. The enrolled patients will be randomly allocated to an ulinastatin group (ulinastatin will be intravenously administered every 8\u2009hours for a total of 600\u2009000\u2009U\/day for five consecutive days) or control group. The efficacy of ulinastatin in preventing ARDS development will be evaluated by the incidence rate of ARDS as the primary outcome; the secondary outcomes include the severity of ARDS, clinical outcome, extrapulmonary organ function and adverse events incurred by ulinastatin. Based on the results of preliminary studies and presuming the incidence of ARDS will decrease by 9% in high-risk patients, 880 patients are needed to obtain statistical power of 80%.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study has been approved by the Peking University Third Hospital Medical Science Research Ethics Committee. The findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at national and international conferences.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                     <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"NCT03089957\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" specific-use=\"clinicaltrial pre-results\">NCT03089957<\/jats:ext-link>; Pre-results.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]],"date-time":"2020-05-07T18:46:19Z","timestamp":1588877179000},"page":"e025523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Rationale and design of a prospective, multicentre, randomised, conventional treatment-controlled, parallel-group trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ulinastatin in preventing acute respiratory distress syndrome in high-risk patients"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"9","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct03089957","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov","type":"preResults"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6389-3120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zongyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Unit, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liyuan","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Unit, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101811330208000_9.3.e025523.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201003-0436OC"},{"key":"2025101811330208000_9.3.e025523.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0000000000000266"},{"key":"2025101811330208000_9.3.e025523.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200005043421801"},{"key":"2025101811330208000_9.3.e025523.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032193"},{"key":"2025101811330208000_9.3.e025523.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1005372"},{"key":"2025101811330208000_9.3.e025523.6","first-page":"909","article-title":"Comparison of two fluid-management strategies in acute lung injury","volume":"354","author":"Wiedemann","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2025101811330208000_9.3.e025523.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1403285"},{"key":"2025101811330208000_9.3.e025523.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1401520"},{"key":"2025101811330208000_9.3.e025523.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182a27909"},{"key":"2025101811330208000_9.3.e025523.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30171-6","article-title":"Keratinocyte growth factor for the treatment of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (KARE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial","volume":"5","author":"McAuley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"2025101811330208000_9.3.e025523.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-011110-130158"},{"key":"2025101811330208000_9.3.e025523.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.13.1603"},{"key":"2025101811330208000_9.3.e025523.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201012-2090OC"},{"key":"2025101811330208000_9.3.e025523.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000133332.48386.85"},{"key":"2025101811330208000_9.3.e025523.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201609-1767CI","article-title":"Fifty Years of Research in ARDS. 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