{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T01:49:39Z","timestamp":1784166579983,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Pillar Program during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan Period"},{"name":"the Key Basic Research Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the prevalence, ethnic differences and associated risk factors for pterygium in Han and Manchu populations aged 40\u201379 years in Hebei province, China.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional study, as a part of the China National Health Survey.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hebei province, China.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A multistage cluster sampling method with urbanisation level-based stratification was used to select participants for this study. A total of 4591 individuals over 40 years were recruited for this study. Inclusive criteria: (1) residents who had been living in Hebei for more than 1\u2009year; (2) Han individuals with both parents being Han, or Manchu individuals with both parents being Manchu; (3) underwent ophthalmic examinations and (4) information in the questionnaire was complete.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between pterygium prevalence and factors of interest.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 3790 individuals (2351 Hans and 1439 Manchus) met the study criteria, of which 248 were diagnosed with pterygium (6.5%). There was no significant difference between the prevalence rates in Hans (6.2%) and Manchus (7.2%) (p=0.232). Multivariate analysis revealed that the risk factors for grade 2 or higher pterygium were increasing age (p&lt;0.001) and rural residence (OR 1.83; 95% CI 1.11 to 3.02; p=0.018), while the protective factors include gender (female) (OR 0.58; 95%\u2009CI 0.37 to 0.88; p=0.011), cigarette smoking (OR 0.53; 95%\u2009CI 0.34 to 0.83; p=0.005) and myopia (OR 0.50; 95%\u2009CI 0.33 to 0.77; p=0.002). Premature menopause (OR 2.66; 95%\u2009CI 1.05 to 6.72; p=0.038) increased the risk of grade 2 or higher pterygium in females, while higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (OR 1.94; 95%\u2009CI 1.08 to 3.47; p=0.027) was a risk factor of grade 2 or higher pterygium in males.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The overall prevalence of pterygium in Han and Manchu population in Hebei, China was approximately 6.1%. There were no differences in the prevalence of pterygium between Hans and Manchus, and the race was not a risk factor. This is the first study to report on the positive association between premature menopause and pterygium in females and between higher HDL levels and pterygium in males.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,22]],"date-time":"2019-02-22T06:37:14Z","timestamp":1550817434000},"page":"e025725","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Prevalence and risk factors for pterygium: a cross-sectional study in Han and Manchu ethnic populations in Hebei, China"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Zhouxian","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Eight year program of clinical medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking 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