{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T02:59:01Z","timestamp":1787972341843,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High levels of particulate pollution due to secondhand smoke (SHS) have previously been recorded in English prisons. As part of an evaluation to ascertain whether a new comprehensive smoke-free policy introduced in the first four prisons in England was successfully implemented, this study compares indoor air quality on prison wing landing locations three\u2009months before and three\u2009months after going smoke-free.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An indoor air quality monitoring study, comparing SHS levels before and after a comprehensive smoke-free prison policy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The first four prisons in England to implement a comprehensive smoke-free policy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We compared concentrations of airborne particulate matter &lt;2.5 microns in diameter (PM\u2082.\u2085), as a marker for SHS, on wing landing locations three\u2009months before and three\u2009months after the smoke-free policy was implemented. Static battery operated aerosol monitors were used to sample concentrations of PM\u2082.\u2085 on wing landings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After discarding data from monitors that had been tampered with we were able to analyse paired data across four prisons from 74 locations, across 29 wing landing locations, for an average sampling time of five\u2009hours and eight\u2009minutes. When comparing samples taken three\u2009months before with the paired samples taken three\u2009months after policy implementation (paired for prison, day of the week, time of day, wing location and position of monitor), there was a 66% reduction in mean PM\u2082.\u2085 concentrations across the four prisons sampled, from 39 to 13\u2009\u00b5g\/m\u00b3 (difference 26\u2009\u00b5g\/m\u00b3, 95%\u2009CI 25 to 26\u2009\u00b5g\/m\u00b3).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prison smoke-free policies achieve significant improvements in indoor air quality. A national smoke-free policy would therefore be an effective means of protecting prisoners and staff from harm due to SHS exposure in the prison environment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,14]],"date-time":"2019-06-14T10:46:06Z","timestamp":1560509166000},"page":"e025782","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Smoke-free prisons in England: indoor air quality before and after implementation of a comprehensive smoke-free policy"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5240-6286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leah R","family":"Jayes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachael L","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Opazo Breton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Ratschen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Britton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121400545651000_9.6.e025782.1","unstructured":"Bauld L . The impact of smokefree legislation in England: Evidence review. 2011 https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/216319\/dh_124959.pdf"},{"key":"2025121400545651000_9.6.e025782.2","unstructured":"Department of Health. Smoke-free England - one year on. London, UK: Department of Health, 2008."},{"key":"2025121400545651000_9.6.e025782.3","unstructured":"Local Government Association. A breath of fresh air: Smokefree workplaces 10 years on. London, UK: Local Government Association, 2017."},{"key":"2025121400545651000_9.6.e025782.4","unstructured":"HM Government. Health act 2006. Great Britain, 2006."},{"key":"2025121400545651000_9.6.e025782.5","unstructured":"Prison service instruction 09\/2007. London: Smoke free legislation: prison service application, 2007."},{"key":"2025121400545651000_9.6.e025782.6","unstructured":"Department of Health and HM Prison Service. Acquitted: best practice guidance for developing smoking cessation services in prisons. London, 2003."},{"key":"2025121400545651000_9.6.e025782.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001789690306200406"},{"key":"2025121400545651000_9.6.e025782.8","unstructured":"Scottish Prison Service. Prisoner survey 2015: Scottish Prison Service Scotland, 2015."},{"key":"2025121400545651000_9.6.e025782.9","unstructured":"Singleton N , Farrell M , Meltzer H . Substance misuse among prisoners in England and Wales. 1999 http:\/\/webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/20160105160709\/http:\/\/ons.gov.uk\/ons\/rel\/psychiatric-morbidity\/substance-misuse-among-prisoners\/substance-misuse-among-prisoners\/index.html"},{"key":"2025121400545651000_9.6.e025782.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/dap034"},{"key":"2025121400545651000_9.6.e025782.11","unstructured":"Prison Officers Association. Health and safety smoke free. 2011 http:\/\/www.poauk.org.uk\/index.php?circulars&newsdetail=20111114-185_health-safety-smoke-free-prison-estate"},{"key":"2025121400545651000_9.6.e025782.12","unstructured":"Black -v- Secretary of State for Justice (Case No: CO\/1258\/2014): Hearing before the High Court Of Justice. https:\/\/www.judiciary.gov.uk\/judgments\/black-v-secretary-of-state-for-justice\/ (5 Mar 2015)."},{"key":"2025121400545651000_9.6.e025782.13","unstructured":"Parsons Brinckerhoff. Report on Second-Hand Smoke in Prisons: Final Report. 2015. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/air-quality-reports"},{"key":"2025121400545651000_9.6.e025782.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-2757-y","article-title":"Second-hand smoke in four English prisons: an air quality monitoring study","volume":"16","author":"Jayes","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025121400545651000_9.6.e025782.15","unstructured":"Ministry of Justice. Ministry of Justice, Andrew Selous MP and National Offender Management Service. Letter from Prisons Minister Andrew Selous to Robert Neill MP, Chairman of the Justice Select Committee regarding smoking in prisons, 2015."},{"key":"2025121400545651000_9.6.e025782.16","unstructured":"The National Offender Management Service (NOMS). Prison annual performance ratings 2015\/16. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/541173\/prison-annual-performance-ratings-2015-2016.pdf"},{"key":"2025121400545651000_9.6.e025782.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2007.020479"},{"key":"2025121400545651000_9.6.e025782.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205806"},{"key":"2025121400545651000_9.6.e025782.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2011-050197"},{"key":"2025121400545651000_9.6.e025782.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2007.022038"},{"key":"2025121400545651000_9.6.e025782.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxx058","article-title":"Characterising the Exposure of Prison Staff to Second-Hand Tobacco Smoke","volume":"61","author":"Semple","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Work Expo Health"},{"key":"2025121400545651000_9.6.e025782.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nts127"},{"key":"2025121400545651000_9.6.e025782.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c0em00732c"},{"key":"2025121400545651000_9.6.e025782.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/mep094"},{"key":"2025121400545651000_9.6.e025782.25","unstructured":"WHO air quality guidelines. Global update. Geneva, Switzerland, 2005."},{"key":"2025121400545651000_9.6.e025782.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500387"},{"key":"2025121400545651000_9.6.e025782.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g4542"},{"key":"2025121400545651000_9.6.e025782.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cki223"},{"key":"2025121400545651000_9.6.e025782.29","unstructured":"Ministry of Justice. National Offender Management Service (NOMS), Prison population figures. 2018 https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/prison-population-figures-2018"},{"key":"2025121400545651000_9.6.e025782.30","unstructured":"Ministry of Justice. Her Majesty\u2019s Prison and Probation Service workforce quarterly: June 2017, Workforce Statistics Bulletin. 2017 https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/her-majestys-prison-and-probation-service-workforce-quarterly-june-2017"},{"key":"2025121400545651000_9.6.e025782.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0032885501081002002"},{"key":"2025121400545651000_9.6.e025782.32","first-page":"164","article-title":"New Zealand\u2019s smokefree prison policy appears to be working well: one year on","volume":"125","author":"Collinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Z Med J"},{"key":"2025121400545651000_9.6.e025782.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26216219","DOI":"10.17061\/phrp2621619","article-title":"Successes and unintended consequences of the Northern Territory\u2019s smoke-free prisons policy: results from a process evaluation","volume":"26","author":"Hefler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health Res Pract"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025782","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T08:55:06Z","timestamp":1765702506000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025782"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025782"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025782","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}}}