{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:13:40Z","timestamp":1790745220461,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To assess the association between occurrence and timing of maternal self-reported genitourinary tract infection (urinary tract infections [UTIs] and\/or sexually transmitted infection [STI]) and risk for gastroschisis in the offspring.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Population-based case\u2013control study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a multisite study in the USA.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mothers of 1366 gastroschisis cases and 11\u2009238 healthy controls.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Crude and adjusted ORs (aORs) with 95% CIs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Genitourinary infections were frequent in case (19.3%) and control women (9.9%) during the periconceptional period (defined as 3\u2009months prior to 3\u2009months after conception). UTI and\/or STI in the periconceptional period were associated with similarly increased risks for gastroschisis (aOR 1.5, 95%\u2009CI 1.3 to 1.8; aOR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.3, respectively). The risk was increased with a UTI before (aOR 2.5; 95% CI 1.4 to 4.5) or after (aOR 1.7; 95% CI 1.1 to 2.6) conception only among women \u226525 years of age. The risk was highest among women &lt;20 years of age with an STI before conception (aOR 3.6; 95% CI 1.5 to 8.4) and in women \u226525 years of age, the risk was similar for before (aOR 2.9; 95% CI 1.0 to 8.5) and after (aOR 2.8; 95% CI 1.3 to 6.1) conception. A specific STI pathogen was reported in 89.3% (50\/56) of cases and 84.3% (162\/191) of controls with <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic> the most common (25\/50 cases, 50%; 58\/162 controls, 36%) and highest among women &lt;20 years of age (16\/25 cases, 64%; 22\/33 controls, 67%).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>UTI and\/or STI were associated with an increased risk for gastroschisis, with the strength of the association varying by maternal age and timing of infection.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-026297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,30]],"date-time":"2019-03-30T10:59:36Z","timestamp":1553943576000},"page":"e026297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Risk of gastroschisis with maternal genitourinary infections: the US National birth defects prevention study 1997\u20132011"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Marcia L","family":"Feldkamp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn E","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergey","family":"Krikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennita","family":"Reefhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn M","family":"Almli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Carter Consulting, Inc, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia A","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo D","family":"Botto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101813231173000_9.3.e026297.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23130","article-title":"Gastroschisis is a defect of the umbilical ring: evidence from morphological evaluation of stillborn fetuses","volume":"97","author":"Rittler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"key":"2025101813231173000_9.3.e026297.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.31578"},{"key":"2025101813231173000_9.3.e026297.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31829cbbb4"},{"key":"2025101813231173000_9.3.e026297.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23438","article-title":"Time trends in prevalence of gastroschisis in Texas, 1999 to 2011: Subgroup analyses by maternal and infant characteristics","volume":"103","author":"Vo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"key":"2025101813231173000_9.3.e026297.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23514","article-title":"Folic acid fortification and prevalences of neural tube defects, orofacial clefts, and gastroschisis in California, 1989 to 2010","volume":"106","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol"},{"key":"2025101813231173000_9.3.e026297.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6502a2"},{"key":"2025101813231173000_9.3.e026297.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rchipe.2016.06.003","article-title":"[Gastroschisis: a pandemic with increasing rates? 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