{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T04:41:18Z","timestamp":1791520878802,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004325","name":"AstraZeneca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004325","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate healthcare costs associated with hyperkalaemia (HK) among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), heart failure (HF) or diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Before\u2013after cohort study of patients with HK and matched patients without HK.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Population-based databases covering primary and secondary care for the entire of Northern Denmark.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with a first incident record of CKD (n=78\u2009372), HF (n=14\u2009233) or diabetes (n=37\u2009479) during 2005\u20132011. Among all patients experiencing a first HK event (potassium level &gt;5.0\u2009mmol\/L), healthcare costs were compared during 6 months before and 6 months after the HK event. The same cost assessment was conducted 6 months before and after a matched index date in a comparison cohort of patients without HK.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mean costs of hospital care, general practice and dispensed drugs converted to 2018 Euros.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 17\u2009747 (23%) CKD patients, 5141 (36%) HF patients and 4183 (11%) diabetes patients with a first HK event were identified. More than 40% of all HK patients across the patient groups had subsequent HK events with successively shorter times between the events. In CKD patients, overall mean costs were \u20ac5518 higher 6 months after versus before first HK, while \u20ac441 higher in matched CKD patients without HK, yielding HK-associated costs of \u20ac5077. Corresponding costs associated with a HK event were \u20ac6018 in HF patients, and \u20ac4862 in diabetes patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among CKD, HF and diabetes patients, an incident HK event was common, and a large proportion of the patients experienced recurrent HK events. Substantial increase in healthcare costs associated with a HK event was observed in the HK patients compared with non-HK patients. These results are important to better understand the potential economic impact of HK among high-risk comorbid patients in a real-wold setting and help inform decision-making for clinicians and healthcare providers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-026465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,2]],"date-time":"2019-04-02T07:35:13Z","timestamp":1554190513000},"page":"e026465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Healthcare resource utilisation and cost associated with elevated potassium levels: a Danish population-based cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Kun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Economics, AstraZeneca Nordic-Baltic, S\u00f6dert\u00e4lje, Sweden, S\u00f6dert\u00e4lje, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9135-3474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reimar Wernich","family":"Thomsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sia Kromann","family":"Nicolaisen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars P\u00e5l","family":"Hasvold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department, AstraZeneca Nordic, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eirini","family":"Palaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Economics, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik Toft","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5 Suppl 1","key":"2025121514194637000_9.4.e026465.1","first-page":"S1","article-title":"K\/DOQI clinical practice guidelines on hypertension and antihypertensive agents in chronic kidney disease","volume":"43","author":"Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K\/DOQI)","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2025121514194637000_9.4.e026465.2","unstructured":"Treatment of hyperkalemia in Denmark. http:\/\/pro.medicin.dk\/Sygdomme\/Sygdom\/318155 (cited 07 Jan\u00a02019)."},{"key":"2025121514194637000_9.4.e026465.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-001821"},{"key":"2025121514194637000_9.4.e026465.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03818.x"},{"key":"2025121514194637000_9.4.e026465.5","unstructured":"Martin Perez MM , Michel A , Garcia Rodriguez LA . 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