{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T17:19:10Z","timestamp":1767892750158,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Neisseria lactamica<\/jats:italic>is a commensal organism found in the human nasopharynx and is closely related to the pathogen<jats:italic>N. meningitidis<\/jats:italic>(meningococcus). Carriage of<jats:italic>N. lactamica<\/jats:italic>is associated with reduced meningococcal carriage and disease. We summarise an ethically approved protocol for an experimental human challenge study using a genetically modified strain of<jats:italic>N. lactamica<\/jats:italic>that expresses the meningococcal antigen NadA. We aim to develop a model to study the role of specific bacterial antigens in nasopharyngeal carriage and immunity, to evaluate vaccines for their efficacy in preventing colonisation and to provide a proof of principle for the development of bacterial medicines.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title><jats:p>Healthy adult volunteers aged 18\u201345 years will receive an intranasal inoculation of either the NadA containing strain of<jats:italic>N. lactamica<\/jats:italic>or a genetically modified, but wild-type equivalent control strain. These challenge volunteers will be admitted for 4.5 days observation following inoculation and will then be discharged with strict infection control rules. Bedroom contacts of the challenge volunteers will also be enrolled as contact volunteers. Safety, colonisation, shedding, transmission and immunogenicity will be assessed over 90 days after which carriage will be terminated with antibiotic eradication therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study has been approved by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and South Central Oxford A Research Ethics Committee (reference: 18\/SC\/0133). Findings will be published in peer-reviewed open-access journals as soon as possible.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"NCT03630250\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" specific-use=\"clinicaltrial pre-results\">NCT03630250<\/jats:ext-link>; Pre-results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-026544","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]],"date-time":"2019-05-02T08:35:56Z","timestamp":1556786156000},"page":"e026544","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Protocol for a controlled human infection with genetically modified<i>Neisseria lactamica<\/i>expressing the meningococcal vaccine antigen NadA: a potent new technique for experimental medicine"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"9","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct03630250","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov","type":"preResults"}],"author":[{"given":"Diane","family":"Gbesemete","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jay Robert","family":"Laver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"de Graaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muktar","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Vaughan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saul","family":"Faust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Gorringe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4297-6728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert Charles","family":"Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024052011235565000_9.4.e026544.1","unstructured":"Laver JR , Read RC . 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