{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:16:08Z","timestamp":1790662568169,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 30-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-30) and the shorter GDS-15, GDS-5 and GDS-4 are recommended as depression screening tools for elderly individuals. Existing meta-analyses on the diagnostic accuracy of the GDS have not been able to conduct subgroup analyses, have included patients already identified as depressed who would not be screened in practice and have not accounted for possible bias due to selective reporting of results from only better-performing cut-offs in primary studies. Individual participant data meta-analysis (IPDMA), which involves a standard systematic review, then a synthesis of individual participant data, rather than summary results, could address these limitations. The objective of our IPDMA is to generate accuracy estimates to detect major depression for all possible cut-offs of each version of the GDS among studies using different reference standards, separately and among participant subgroups based on age, sex, dementia diagnosis and care settings. In addition, we will use a modelling approach to generate individual participant probabilities for major depression based on GDS scores (rather than a dichotomous cut-off) and participant characteristics (eg, sex, age, dementia status, care setting).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individual participant data comparing GDS scores to a major depression diagnosis based on a validated structured or semistructured diagnostic interview will be sought via a systematic review. Data sources will include Medline, Medline In-Process &amp; Other Non-Indexed Citations, PsycINFO and Web of Science. Bivariate random-effects models will be used to estimate diagnostic accuracy parameters for each cut-off of the different versions of the GDS. Prespecified subgroup analyses will be conducted. Risk of bias will be assessed with the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings of this study will be of interest to stakeholders involved in research, clinical practice and policy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PROSPERO registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRD42018104329.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-026598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]],"date-time":"2018-12-05T05:04:33Z","timestamp":1543986273000},"page":"e026598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Diagnostic accuracy of the Geriatric Depression Scale-30, Geriatric Depression Scale-15, Geriatric Depression Scale-5 and Geriatric Depression Scale-4 for detecting major depression: protocol for a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Benedetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"},{"name":"Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"},{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brooke","family":"Levis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"},{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Machelle","family":"Wilchesky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill","family":"Boruff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schulich Library of Science and Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P A","family":"Ioannidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, and Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA"},{"name":"Department of Statistics, Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott B","family":"Patten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pim","family":"Cuijpers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology and Amsterdam Public Health research institute, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Shrier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"},{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Gilbody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hull York Medical School and Department of Health Sciences, The University of York, York, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahinoor","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dean","family":"McMillan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hull York Medical School and Department of Health Sciences, The University of York, York, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roy C","family":"Ziegelstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5644-8432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brett D","family":"Thombs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.032408.153621"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.11.033"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-008-0444-8"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.05.097"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2010.1024"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000345968"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.5057","article-title":"Treatment of adult depression in the United States","volume":"176","author":"Olfson","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.9.848"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weeks R , Kalucy R , Hill J . Chapter 3: Depression in Elderly Patients. In: Jackson S , Jansen P , Mangoni A , eds. Prescribing for elderly patients: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, 2009.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470017975.ch3"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.10","unstructured":"Registered Nurses Association of Ontario. Registered nurses association of ontario. screening for delirium, dementia, and depression in older adults. Toronto, Ontario: Registered Nurses Association of Ontario, 2003."},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.11","unstructured":"(AMDA). American Medical Directors Association (AMDA). Depression in the long-term care setting. Columbia, Maryland: American Medical Directors Association (AMDA), 2011."},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2003.51415.x"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.13","first-page":"52","article-title":"National guidelines for seniors\u2019 mental health: the assessment and treatment of depression","volume":"9","author":"Buchanan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can J Geriatr"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.130403"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3181f60f81"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2009.08.019"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610296002505","article-title":"The geriatric depression scale: a review of its development and utility","volume":"8","author":"Montorio","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int Psychogeriatr"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4407","article-title":"The diagnostic accuracy of brief versions of the Geriatric Depression Scale: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Pocklington","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c221","article-title":"Meta-analysis of individual participant data: rationale, conduct, and reporting","volume":"340","author":"Riley","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.20","unstructured":"Stewart LA , Tierney JF , Clarke M . Chapter 18: Reviews of individual patient data. In: Higgins JPT , Green S , eds. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. version 5.1.0. chichester. England: Wiley-Blackwell The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011."},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-3-97","article-title":"A failed attempt to conduct an individual patient data meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Jaspers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h3908"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-3-124"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.24","unstructured":"Deeks JJ , Bossuyt PM , Gatsonis C . Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of diagnostic Test Accuracy Version 1.0.0: The Cochrane Collaboration, 2009."},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.25","unstructured":"Higgins JPT , Green S . Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 5.1.0. Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell; The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011."},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.19163"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.3656"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011913","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of the Depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-D) for detecting major depression: protocol for a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analyses","volume":"6","author":"Thombs","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009742","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) for detecting major depression in pregnant and postnatal women: protocol for a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analyses","volume":"5","author":"Thombs","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.01.021"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(03)00110-0"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9,4053","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-1-9","article-title":"Should methodological filters for diagnostic test accuracy studies be used in systematic reviews of psychometric instruments? A case study involving screening for postnatal depression","volume":"1","author":"Mann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.2001.0080391"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.34","unstructured":"Wong SS , Wilczynski NL , Haynes RB , et al . Developing optimal search strategies for detecting sound clinical prediction studies in MEDLINE. AMIA Annu Symp Proc 2003:728\u201332."},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1059\/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3441"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2018.54"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(97)83296-8"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(97)83297-X"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291701004184"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799008880"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.42","unstructured":"Nosen E , Woody SR . Chapter 8: Diagnostic assessment in research. McKay D , Handbook of research methods in abnormal and clinical psychology: Sage, 2008."},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370505001308"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"United Nations Development Programme. Human Development Report 2013 . The rise of the south: human progress in a diverse world. \u00a0New York, NY: United Nations Development Programme, 2013.","DOI":"10.18356\/a1b0c169-en"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steyerberg EW . Clinical Prediction Models. New York: Springer, 2009.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-77244-8"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181c30fb2"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(01)00341-9"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3109\/00365513.2010.493389","article-title":"Recent advances in evaluating the prognostic value of a marker","volume":"242","author":"Dalton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.49","unstructured":"Xh Z , McClish DK , Obuchowski NA . Statistical methods in diagnostic medicine. 2nd edn. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2011."},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrell FE . Regression modeling strategies: with applications to linear models, logistic regression, and survival analysis. New York: Springer, 2001.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3462-1"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-015-0046-6"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-985X.2009.00587.x"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-6787.2004.t01-1-04009.x","article-title":"A knowledge transfer strategy for public health decision makers","volume":"1","author":"Dobbins","year":"2004","journal-title":"Worldviews Evid Based Nurs"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/chp.47"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.55","first-page":"724","article-title":"Bridging the implementation gap between knowledge and action for health","volume":"82","author":"Haines","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266462304001278","article-title":"Use of systematic reviews in the development of new provincial public health policies in Ontario","volume":"20","author":"Dobbins","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Technol Assess Health Care"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-6787.2007.00089.x"},{"key":"2025121605514846000_8.12.e026598.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/1355819054308549"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-026598","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T13:51:57Z","timestamp":1765893117000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-026598"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-026598"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-026598","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}}}