{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:46:19Z","timestamp":1790073979666,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001275","name":"The Oak Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001275","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Danish Work Environment Research Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To investigate if self-reported high physical demand at work, objective physical workload using a job exposure matrix (JEM) and fear-avoidance beliefs are associated with reported sick leave in the previous year in persons with low back pain (LBP). Second, to investigate if the effects of fear-avoidance and self-reported high physical demand at work on sick leave are modified by the objective physical workloads.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Settings<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Participants were recruited from general practice and by advertisement in a local newspaper.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>305participants with a current period of 2\u20134 weeks LBP and self-reported difficulty in maintaining physically demanding jobs due to LBP were interviewed, clinically examined and had an MRI at baseline.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Independent variables were high fear-avoidance, self-reported high physical demand at work and objective measures of physical workloads (JEM). Outcome was self-reported sick leave due to LBP in the previous year. Logistic regression and tests for interaction were used to identify risk factors and modifiers for the association with self-reported sick leave.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Self-reported physically demanding work and high fear-avoidance were significantly associated with prior sick leave due to LBP in the previous year with OR 1.75 95%\u2009CI (1.10 to 2.75) and 2.75 95%\u2009CI (1.61to 4.84), respectively. No objective physical workloads had significant associations. There was no modifying effect of objective physical workloads on the association between self-reported physical demand at work\/high\u2009fear-avoidance and sick leave.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Occupational interventions to reduce sick leave due to LBP may have to focus more on those with high self-reported physical demands and high fear-avoidance, and less on individuals with the objectively highest physical workload.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Trial registration number<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                     <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"NCT02015572\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" specific-use=\"clinicaltrial post-results\">NCT02015572<\/jats:ext-link>; Post-results.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-026917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,23]],"date-time":"2019-05-23T08:44:51Z","timestamp":1558601091000},"page":"e026917","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Physical demand at work and sick leave due to low back pain: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"9","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct02015572","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov","type":"postResults"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0635-4144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Petersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital at Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilli","family":"Kirkeskov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Unit of Social Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital at Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bjarke Brandt","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, The Parker Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital at Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luise Moelenberg","family":"Begtrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital at Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esben Meulengracht","family":"Flachs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital at Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikael","family":"Boesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital at Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Copenhagen University Hospital at Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henning","family":"Bliddal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, The Parker Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital at Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann Isabel","family":"Kryger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital at Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101813211653000_9.5.e026917.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2010.10.002"},{"key":"2025101813211653000_9.5.e026917.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61340-X"},{"key":"2025101813211653000_9.5.e026917.3","unstructured":"Flachs EM , Eriksen L , Koch MB . 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