{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T03:08:08Z","timestamp":1788318488138,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","funder":[{"name":"The Danish Ministry of Employment"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participation in population-based surveys and epidemiological studies has been declining over the years in many countries. The aim of this study was to examine the association between job type and participation in the work environment and health in Denmark survey with\/without taking into account other socio-demographic factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional survey using questionnaire data on working environment and registry data on job type, industry and socio-economic variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The work environment and health study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 50\u2009806 employees (15\u2009767 in a stratified workplace sample; 35\u2009039 in a random sample) working at least 35 hours\/month and earning at least 3000 Danish Krones.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The outcome was participation (yes\/no) and logistic regression was used to estimate the OR for participation with 95% CI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the random sample, women were more likely to participate than men, and married\/non-married couples were more likely to participate than persons living alone or more families living together. Participation increased with higher age, higher annual personal income, higher education and Danish origin, and there were marked differences in participation between job types and geographical regions. For armed forces, craft and related trade workers, and skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers, the association between job type and participation was strongly attenuated after adjustment for sex and age. Additional adjustment for annual income, education, cohabitation, country of origin and geographical region generally attenuated the association between job type and participation. Similar results were found in the stratified workplace sample.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this population of Danish employees, participation varied across types of jobs. Some but not all the variation between job types was explained by other socio-demographic factors. Future studies using questionnaires may consider targeting efforts to (sub-)populations, defined by job type and other factors, where response probability is particularly important.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-027056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,19]],"date-time":"2019-08-19T06:11:29Z","timestamp":1566195089000},"page":"e027056","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Job type and other socio-demographic factors associated with participation in a national, cross-sectional study of Danish employees"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Nina F\u00f8ns","family":"Johnsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance, National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birthe Lykke","family":"Thomsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance, National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f8rgen Vinsl\u00f8v","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance, National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birgitte Sch\u00fctt","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance, National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reiner","family":"Rugulies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance, National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivi","family":"Schl\u00fcnssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance, National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101812504469000_9.8.e027056.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199903000-00003"},{"key":"2025101812504469000_9.8.e027056.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000220549.14177.60"},{"key":"2025101812504469000_9.8.e027056.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cku057"},{"key":"2025101812504469000_9.8.e027056.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113160","article-title":"The effect of response bias on the odds ratio","volume":"114","author":"Austin","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025101812504469000_9.8.e027056.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025877501423"},{"key":"2025101812504469000_9.8.e027056.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-005-0911-4"},{"key":"2025101812504469000_9.8.e027056.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2466-14-63"},{"key":"2025101812504469000_9.8.e027056.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/14-STS486"},{"key":"2025101812504469000_9.8.e027056.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1515\/jci-2015-0025","article-title":"Generalizing of Experimental Findings","volume":"3","author":"Pearl","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Causal Infer"},{"key":"2025101812504469000_9.8.e027056.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020016922473"},{"key":"2025101812504469000_9.8.e027056.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9276-3-3","article-title":"The Oslo Health Study: the impact of self-selection in a large, population-based survey","volume":"3(1","author":"Sogaard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"2025101812504469000_9.8.e027056.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-005-5529-z"},{"key":"2025101812504469000_9.8.e027056.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1080\/14034940600996563","article-title":"Does survey non-response bias the association between occupational social class and health?","volume":"35","author":"Martikainen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"2025101812504469000_9.8.e027056.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(96)00104-4"},{"key":"2025101812504469000_9.8.e027056.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-006-0006-x"},{"key":"2025101812504469000_9.8.e027056.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-7-18"},{"key":"2025101812504469000_9.8.e027056.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-010-9448-2"},{"key":"2025101812504469000_9.8.e027056.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810387965"},{"key":"2025101812504469000_9.8.e027056.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494811405098"},{"key":"2025101812504469000_9.8.e027056.20","unstructured":"International Labour Organization,. International Standard Classification of Occupations [online]. 2018. Available at http:\/\/www.ilo.org\/public\/english\/bureau\/stat\/isco\/isco08\/ (accessed Apr 2018)."},{"key":"2025101812504469000_9.8.e027056.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i1981","article-title":"Sparse data bias: a problem hiding in plain sight","volume":"352","author":"Greenland","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025101812504469000_9.8.e027056.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X0002400401"},{"key":"2025101812504469000_9.8.e027056.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/269211"},{"key":"2025101812504469000_9.8.e027056.24","unstructured":"Singer E , Groves RM , Dillman DA , Eltinger JL , Little RJA , et al . eds. The use of incentives to reduce nonresponse in household surveys. New York, NY: Wiley-Interscience, 2002:163\u201377."},{"key":"2025101812504469000_9.8.e027056.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1998.59.280","article-title":"Mode effects on self-reported alcohol use and problem drinking: mail questionnaires and personal interviewing compared","volume":"59","author":"Bongers","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol"},{"key":"2025101812504469000_9.8.e027056.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114390","article-title":"A comparison of costs and data quality of three health survey methods: mail, telephone and personal home interview","volume":"124","author":"O\u2019Toole","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025101812504469000_9.8.e027056.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114734","article-title":"A comparison of responses to mailed questionnaires and telephone interviews in a mixed mode health survey","volume":"126","author":"Brambilla","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025101812504469000_9.8.e027056.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-200203000-00003"},{"key":"2025101812504469000_9.8.e027056.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-200206000-00006"},{"key":"2025101812504469000_9.8.e027056.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.4.e299"},{"key":"2025101812504469000_9.8.e027056.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000156858.81146.0e"},{"key":"2025101812504469000_9.8.e027056.32","article-title":"A national survey of US pharmacists in 2000: assessing non-response bias of a survey methodology","volume":"3","author":"Mott","year":"2000","journal-title":"AAPS Pharm Sci"}],"container-title":["BMJ Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-027056","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T19:50:57Z","timestamp":1760817057000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmjopen.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-027056"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-027056"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-027056","relation":{},"ISSN":["2044-6055","2044-6055"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2044-6055","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-6055","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}}}