{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T14:40:05Z","timestamp":1793457605618,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent data on sustained hypertension and obesity among school-going children and adolescents in India are limited. This study evaluates the prevalence of sustained hypertension and obesity and their risk factors among urban and rural adolescents in northern India.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A school-based, cross-sectional survey was conducted in the urban and rural areas of Ludhiana, Punjab, India using standardised measurement tools.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1959 participants aged 11\u201317 years (urban: 849; rural: 1110) were included in this school-based survey.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary and secondary outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To measure sustained hypertension among school children, two distinct blood pressure (BP) measurements were recorded at an interval of 1\u2009week. High BP was defined and classified into three groups as recommended by international guidelines: (1) normal BP: &lt;90th percentile compared with age, sex and height percentile in each age group; (2) prehypertension: BP=90th\u201395th percentile; and (3) hypertension: BP &gt;95th percentile. The Indian Academy of Pediatrics classification was used to define underweight, normal, overweight and obesity as per the body mass index (BMI) for specific age groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of sustained hypertension among rural and urban areas was 5.7% and 8.4%, respectively. The prevalence of obesity in rural and urban school children was 2.7% and 11.0%, respectively. The adjusted multiple regression model found that urban area (relative risk ratio (RRR): 1.7, 95%\u2009CI 1.01 to 2.93), hypertension (RRR: 7.4, 95%\u2009CI 4.21 to 13.16) and high socioeconomic status (RRR: 38.6, 95%\u2009CI 16.54 to 90.22) were significantly associated with an increased risk of obesity. However, self-reported regular physical activity had a protective effect on the risk of obesity among adolescents (RRR: 0.4, 95%\u2009CI 0.25 to 0.62). Adolescents who were overweight (RRR: 2.66, 95%\u2009CI 1.49 to 4.40) or obese (RRR: 7.21, 95%\u2009CI 4.09 to 12.70) and reported added salt intake in their diet (RRR: 4.90, 95%\u2009CI 2.83 to 8.48) were at higher risk of hypertension.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High prevalence of sustained hypertension and obesity was found among urban school children and adolescents in a northern state in India. Hypertension among adolescents was positively associated with overweight and obesity (high BMI). Prevention and early detection of childhood obesity and high BP should be strengthened to prevent the risk of cardiovascular diseases in adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-027134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T08:05:13Z","timestamp":1568016313000},"page":"e027134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Prevalence of sustained hypertension and obesity among urban and rural adolescents: a school-based, cross-sectional study in North India"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Bishav","family":"Mohan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology, Hero DMC Heart Institute, Ludhiana, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology, Hero DMC Heart Institute, Ludhiana, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kavita","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Chronic Conditions and Injuries, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, Haryana, India"},{"name":"Clinical Trials Unit, Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalpana","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trials Unit, Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarit","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raahat","family":"Bansal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology, Hero DMC Heart Institute, Ludhiana, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohit","family":"Tandon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology, Hero DMC Heart Institute, Ludhiana, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhishek","family":"Goyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology, Hero DMC Heart Institute, Ludhiana, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhupinder","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology, Hero DMC Heart Institute, Ludhiana, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shibba Takkar","family":"Chhabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology, Hero DMC Heart Institute, Ludhiana, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naved","family":"Aslam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology, Hero DMC Heart Institute, Ludhiana, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gurpreet Singh","family":"Wander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology, Hero DMC Heart Institute, Ludhiana, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ambuj","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorairaj","family":"Prabhakaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Chronic Conditions and Injuries, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurgaon, Haryana, India"},{"name":"Clinical Trials Unit, Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, Delhi, India"},{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121300231362000_9.9.e027134.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.032531"},{"key":"2025121300231362000_9.9.e027134.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2008.04887.x"},{"key":"2025121300231362000_9.9.e027134.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armstrong KR , Cote AT , Devlin AM , et al . 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