{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:02:18Z","timestamp":1787065338222,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"12","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PG\/11\/51\/28986"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PG\/11\/51\/28986"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SP 14\/4\/31123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SP 14\/4\/31123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore socioeconomic differences in screen-viewing at ages 6 and 9, and how these are related to different media uses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Longitudinal cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children recruited from 57 state-funded primary schools in Southwest England, UK.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>1299 children at ages 5\u20136, 1223 children at ages 8\u20139, including 685 children at both time points.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children\u2019s total screen-viewing time (parent-reported) and time spent using multiple screen devices simultaneously (multiscreen viewing), for weekdays and weekends.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Negative binomial regression was used to model associations between socioeconomic variables (highest household education and area deprivation) and total screen-viewing at age 6 and the change from age 6 to 9. We additionally adjusted for child characteristics, parental influences and media devices in the home. Multiscreen viewing was analysed separately.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Household education was associated with children\u2019s screen-viewing at age 6 with lower screen-viewing in higher socioeconomic groups (21%\u201327%\u2009less in households with a Degree or Higher Degree, compared with General Certificate of Secondary Education: GCSE). These differences were explained by the presence of games consoles, parental limits on screen-viewing and average parent screen-viewing. Between ages 6 and 9, there were larger increases in screen-viewing for children from A level and Degree households (13% and 6%, respectively, in the week) and a decrease in Higher Degree households (16%), compared with GCSE households. Differences by household education remained when adjusting for media devices and parental factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children\u2019s screen-viewing patterns differ by parental education with higher levels of viewing among children living in households with lower educational qualifications. These differences are already present at age 6, and continue at age 9. Strategies to manage child sedentary time, and particularly screen-viewing, may need to take account of the socioeconomic differences and target strategies to specific groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-027481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,11]],"date-time":"2019-12-11T05:05:25Z","timestamp":1576040725000},"page":"e027481","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Associations between socioeconomic position and changes in children\u2019s screen-viewing between ages 6 and 9: a longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3242-3951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth E","family":"Salway","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Emm-Collison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Sebire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janice L","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3394-0176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Russ","family":"Jago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Exercise, Nutrition and Health Sciences, School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121402412790000_9.12.e027481.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030488","article-title":"Tv viewing and physical activity are independently associated with metabolic risk in children: the European youth heart study","volume":"3","author":"Ekelund","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2025121402412790000_9.12.e027481.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.156"},{"key":"2025121402412790000_9.12.e027481.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s40258-016-0289-3","article-title":"Screen time and health indicators among children and youth: current evidence, limitations and future directions","volume":"15","author":"Saunders","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Health Econ Health Policy"},{"key":"2025121402412790000_9.12.e027481.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corder K , Atkin AJ , Bamber DJ , et al . 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