{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T05:15:05Z","timestamp":1767676505110,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive training is an emerging non-pharmacological treatment to improve cognitive and physical function in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and early Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). Abnormal brain blood flow is a key process in the development of cognitive decline. However, no studies have explored the effects of cognitive training on brain blood flow in dementia. The primary aim of this study is to assess the feasibility for a large-scale, randomised controlled trial of cognitive training in healthy older adults (HC), MCI and early AD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study will recruit 60 participants, in three subgroups of 20 (MCI, HC, AD), from primary, secondary and community services. Participants will be randomised to a 12-week computerised cognitive training programme (five \u00d7 30\u2009min sessions per week), or waiting-list control. Participants will undergo baseline and follow-up assessments of: mood, cognition, quality of life and activities of daily living. Cerebral blood flow will be measured at rest and during task activation (pretraining and post-training) by bilateral transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, alongside heart rate (3-lead ECG), end-tidal CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      (capnography) and beat-to-beat blood pressure (Finometer). Participants will be offered to join a focus group or semistructured interview to explore barriers and facilitators to cognitive training in patients with dementia. Qualitative data will be analysed using framework analysis, and data will be integrated using mixed methods matrices.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethics and dissemination<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bradford Leeds Research Ethics committee awarded a favourable opinion (18\/YH\/0396). Results of the study will be published in peer-reviewed journals, and presented at national and international conferences on ageing and dementia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trials registration number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"NCT03656107\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" specific-use=\"clinicaltrial pre-results\">NCT03656107<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ; Pre-results.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-027817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,23]],"date-time":"2019-05-23T08:42:38Z","timestamp":1558600958000},"page":"e027817","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effects of brain training on brain blood flow (The Cognition and Flow Study\u2014CogFlowS): protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial of cognitive training in dementia"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"9","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct03656107","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov","type":"preResults"}],"author":[{"given":"Lucy","family":"Beishon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester College of Medicine Biological Sciences and Psychology, Leicester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Evley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronney B","family":"Panerai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester College of Medicine Biological Sciences and Psychology, Leicester, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hari","family":"Subramaniam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Evington Centre, Leicestershire Partnership NHSTrust, Leicester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeta","family":"Mukaetova-Ladinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thompson","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester College of Medicine Biological Sciences and Psychology, Leicester, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Haunton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester College of Medicine Biological Sciences and Psychology, Leicester, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121511274666000_9.5.e027817.1","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s-society. 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