{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T08:12:30Z","timestamp":1790237550744,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Open"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examined the prevalence and correlates of physical violence and rape among female sex workers (FSWs) in Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study using respondent-driven sampling technique.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eleven major towns in Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>4900 FSWs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of experiences of physical beating and rape.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among FSWs, 17.5% reported physical beating within the last year and 15.2% reported rape since they started selling sex. FSWs aged 35+ years (AOR 0.59, 95%\u2009CI 0.38 to 0.92) were less exposed to physical beating than those aged 15\u201324 years. FSWs working on the street (AOR 1.92, 95%\u2009CI 1.53 to 2.39), in red-light houses (AOR 1.63, 95%\u2009CI 1.12 to 2.38) and in local drinking houses (AOR 1.35, 95%\u2009CI 1.02 to 1.78) experienced more physical beating than FSWs working in bars\/hotels. FSWs who consumed alcohol four or more days in a week (AOR 1.92, 95%\u2009CI 1.21 to 3.04), and who chewed khat frequently experienced more physical violence. Rape was associated with having a low monthly income, drinking alcohol four or more days per week (AOR 2.33, 95%\u2009CI 1.47 to 3.7), experience of heavy episodic drinking in a month (AOR 1.71, 95%\u2009CI 1.24 to 2.38) and chewing khat 3\u20134 days per week (AOR 2.15, 95%\u2009CI 1.55 to 2.98). Condom breakage was more frequent among FSWs who reported both physical beating (AOR 1.51, 95%\u2009CI 1.25 to 1.84) and rape (AOR 1.26, 95%\u2009CI 1.03 to 1.55).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>FSWs in Ethiopia are vulnerable to physical and sexual violence, and the risk increases when they are younger, street-based and high consumers of alcohol or khat. Therefore, targeted efforts are needed for prevention and harm reduction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-028247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,31]],"date-time":"2019-07-31T06:25:24Z","timestamp":1564554324000},"page":"e028247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Prevalence and correlates of physical violence and rape among female sex workers in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study with respondent-driven sampling from 11 major towns"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9342-4747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minilik Demissie","family":"Amogne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Medicine and Global Health, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden"},{"name":"TB\/HIV Department, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taye Tolera","family":"Balcha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Director general, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anette","family":"Agardh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Medicine and Global Health, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121223323721000_9.7.e028247.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08357-5"},{"key":"2025121223323721000_9.7.e028247.2","unstructured":"World Health Organization . 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